vocab terms
what is an antibody?
proteins made by white blood cells to target and
neutralize pathogens.
What are the 4 pathogens?
bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites
How do viruses and bacteria reproduce?
virus- need a host cell and must replicate to spread
bacteria- reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction)
what is an epidemic what is a pandemic?
epidemic- a disease spread over a wide geographic area
pandemic- an epidemic that grows wider over more countries, continents, etc.
Name one way to prevent yourself from getting parasites.
thoroughly cooking food
medically treat pets (ie. for ticks)
What are vectors?
an organism (like a mosquito) that transmits a pathogen
Out of the four pathogens which are living which are non-living?
virus-nonliving
bacteria, fungi, parasites-living
where is the genetic information in a virus kept?
in the protein coat
what helps and or prevents epidemic and pandemics
vaccinations are made so our body fights off the disease if you get it
____________ lives on or in another individual known as the “host” while feeding on the host; may or may not kill host
parasite
What is a contagion?
the spread of disease from one organism to another
How pathogens passed from one person to the next?
virus- not hand washing, body fluids, airs
bacteria- spread when in contact, soil, on skin or inside, coughing, kissing
fungi- direct skin contact on floor or in soil
parasites- contaminated water, food, waste, soil, and blood
What are TWO examples of viruses you can think of?
COVID-19
spanish flu
flu
herpes
Ebola
Zika
common cold/ common virus
What are TWO examples of well known epidemics and pandemics?
smallpox
COVID-19
spanish flu
Ebola
What are fungi since they do not make their own food?
heterotrophs
What is a vaccine?
a shot that contains a weakened or dead version of the virus
what are 2 prevention methods for any of the pathogens?
virus- masking, hand washing, and keeping distance of someone with a virus, etc.
bacteria- avoid close contact, cover cough and sneeze, etc.
fungi- clean clothes, hygiene, etc.
parasites- wash hands, clean water, etc.
How do each bacteria and virus duplicate?
virus- can reproduce on their own, survives on surfaces, enter a cell and forces cells to make a new virus, take over healthy cells
bacteria- replicate in DNA, growing a new cell wall down the middle to produce two daughter cells
How does an outbreak correlate to epidemics and pandemics?
sometimes and outbreak (unexpected rise in a disease especially a harmful one) turns into a epidemic and or pandemic
How do fungi reproduce?
both sexually and asexually (producing spores)
what is herd immunity?
when enough people are immune to prevent disease
spread
What are treatments for each of the four pathogens?
virus- antiviral medicine, vaccines
bacteria- antibiotics
fungi- anti-fungal medications
parasites- antiparasitic
What are two characteristics of bacteria and viruses?
bacteria - invisible to naked eye, free-living cells, living inside or outside, beneficial to our gut, LIVING, shapes - spherical, rods, spirals
viruses - invisible to naked eye, NONLIVING, need a host cell to reproduce, harmful, shapes - spherical, complex, helical
Why do we need to get a new influenza vaccine every year?
Because the virus mutates and changes.
How are parasites specialized (for survival) ?
Are usually specialized anatomically and physiologically
(i.e. tapeworms live in the small intestine of the host to absorb nutrients and do not have a digestive system)