Chapter 13 Review
the organized study of the composition and interactions of matter
Chemistry
group of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units
molecules
a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules
chemical reaction
the belief that the universe and life formed by gradual processes, have existed for thousands of years
evolution
insoluble substance that forms (falls out) during a chemical reaction
precipitate
atoms that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons of that element
isotopes
a substance that has the same physical properties throughout and consists of only one type of atom, one type of molecule, or one nonmolecular compound
pure substance
indicates how many molecules or formula units of that substance are involved in the reaction
coefficient
the idea that life arose from a chemical reaction in the ocean with energy provided by thermal vents in the ocean floor or lightning at the ocean surface
abiogenesis
Latin phrase meaning "out of nothing"
ex nihilo
All three major forms of nuclear radiation are considered this because they have enough energy to knock electrons loose from atoms, forming ions
ionizing radiation
a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of valence electrons between atoms
covalent bond
a chemical reaction that releases thermal energy
exothermic reaction
process by which DNA is copied
replication
process releases a enormous amount of heat and gamma rays as a substance is split into several pieces
nuclear fission
the elements in group 17 are called this meaning "salt formers," because they easily combine with alkali and alkaline earth metals to form salts
halogens
measure of how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent or in a given amount of solution
concentration
substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction
catalyst
describe the intensity of a phenomenon as being inversely proportional to the square of a distance
inverse square laws
type of formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound
empirical formula
any element in the row of inner transition metals, from lanthanum to lutetium
lanthanoid
measure of solution concentration as moles of solute per some volume of solution
amount concentration
process by which the body produces and uses energy from the food
metabolism
a group of techniques that use the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes to estimate the ages of samples like rocks and fossils
radiometric dating
type of hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
alkene