Unit 1- Motions and Forces
What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?
positive acceleration = speeding up
negative acceleration = slowing down
What two things have to happen for work to actually be done?
Work is FORCE and DISTANCE.
A force needs to be applied to move an object and an object needs to move in the direction of a force.
What is the function of chromosomes in the cell?
contains genetic information
What is needed for photosynthesis?
What is produced by photosynthesis?
Needs: carbon dioxide, water and sunlight
Produces: oxygen and glucose
There are 3 parts of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
Explain what happens during interphase.
period before division where cells grow and replicate their DNA
What is a karyotype? What are they used for?
a picture of a person's chromosomes, used to check for genetic disorders
How is velocity different than acceleration?
Velocity- constant speed
acceleration- change in speed
Name the 6 simple machines and give an example of each (you will have to give TWO examples of each on the exam.
200 points for each machine that you can give an example of!
1. Lever- catapult, forearm, door, window (note: levers have a pivot point called a fulcrum)
2. Inclined plane- ramp, staircase
3. pulley- flagpole, curtains/shades, bicycle
4. screw- lid of jar/waterbottle, bottom of lightbulb, spiral staircase
5. wheel & axle- gear, doorknob, bicycle
6. wedge- knife, shovel, nail, doorstop
Give at least one difference between animal and plant cells
Animal cells are circular, have lysosomes and small vacuoles
Plant calls are more rigid in shape (rectangular), and have chloroplasts, a cell wall, and one large vacuole
What is needed for cellular respiration?
What is produced by cellular respiration?
Needs: glucose and oxygen
Produces: carbon dioxide, water, and energy
There are 3 parts of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
Explain what happens during mitosis
stage where cell's nucleus divides into 2 nuclei in preparation for cell division
What is the difference between autosomal genetic traits and X-linked genetic traits?
autosomal- on chromosomes 1-44, no difference between males and females
x-linked- on x chromosome, affects males more than female since males only have one x
State Newton's first law of motion and give an example.
Law: object in motion will stay in motion and objects at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force
Example: if you're not wearing a seatbelt, you'll be thrown from the car in a crash
How much power did you have if you did 475 joules of work in 20 seconds?
use the formula P = W/T
P= 475 J / 20 s
P= 23.75 W
Give at least one difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
prokaryotic cell- smaller, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, simple bacteria
eukaryotic cell- larger, more complex, nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, plant and animal cells
RANDOM!
Name the 4 nucleotide bases and how they pair with each other
adenine - thymine
cytosine - guanine
There are 3 parts of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
Explain what happens during cytokinesis
quick and final stage of cell division where cytoplasm divides and organelles are distributed into the 2 new cells
What chromosomes determine if a baby is male or female?
X and Y:
XX = female
XY = male
State Newton's second law of motion and give an example.
Law: the higher the mass, the more force is needed to accelerate (F=ma)
Example: it is harder to throw a bowling ball than a tennis ball
How much potential energy does a 5 kg object have if it is resting on a shelf that is 20 meters high?
Use the formula PE=mgh
PE= (5kg)(9.8)(20m)
PE= 980 J
What is the importance of plasmids in bacteria?
plasmids allow bacteria to alter their DNA so they form antibiotic resistant genes. This makes them resistant to medications.
Describe the first and second stage of photosynthesis using organelles and plant structure
(400 points each)
Stage 1: Chloroplasts in plant cells capture sun's energy using the green pigment chlorophyll (occurs in leaves)
Stage 2: CO2 enters plant through stomata and water enters through roots. Chemical reaction takes place in chloroplasts (produces glucose). Oxygen exits plant through stomata
Name the 4 stages of mitosis (400 points each)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
How many chromosomes do humans have? how many pairs? How many do we get from our mom and dad?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Half from mother and half from father
State Newton's third law of motion and give an example.
Law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Example: if you push on the wall it exerts a force back
How much kinetic energy does a 10 kg object have if it is moving at a speed of 0.3 m/s?
Use the formula KE= 1/2 mv^2
KE= 1/2 (10kg) (0.3m/s)^2
KE= 1/2 (10kg) (0.09)
KE= 1/2 (0.9)
KE= 0.45 J
(500 points each)
1. All living things are made of 1 or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things
3. All cells come from other cells
Describe the first and second stage of cellular respiration using organelles and cell structure
(400 points each)
Stage 1: in the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into smaller molecules
Stage 2: in the mitochondria, glucose is broken down further by using oxygen. CO2 and H2O are produced. CO2 is released through exhalation
Use at lease 3 steps to explain how DNA replicates.
1. DNA "unzips" into 2 single strands
2. complimentary base pairs are bonded to the original nitrogen bases
3. Two identical DNS strands are produced, each one has one "original" strand and one "new" strand
How can you tell if a trait is dominant or recessive based on a pedigree?
dominant will show up in every generation
recessive will skip generations, can have carriers