Gravity
What is gravity?
Gravity is a force that attracts two objects toward each other.
Name the major current that flows along the eastern coast of North America.
The Gulf Stream.
What type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms?
Cumulonimbus clouds.
What type of bond occurs when atoms transfer electrons?
Ionic bond
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a net electric charge because it has lost or gained electrons.
What force does gravity pull objects toward?
Gravity pulls objects toward the center of the Earth (or toward the center of any massive object).
What is the difference between surface currents and deep ocean currents?
Surface currents are driven by wind and occur in the upper 400 meters of the ocean. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density, caused by temperature and salinity (thermohaline circulation), and move much more slowly.
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather is the short-term conditions of the atmosphere (like temperature, rain, wind) in a specific place at a specific time. Climate is the average weather in a region over a long period of time (usually 30+ years).
What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
Ionic bond: Electrons are transferred from one atom to another (usually between a metal and a non-metal). Covalent bond: Electrons are shared between atoms (usually between two non-metals).
How do positive ions (cations) form?
Positive ions, also called cations, form when an atom loses one or more electrons.
True or False: The strength of gravity depends on the mass of the objects and the
True
What role do ocean currents play in transferring heat around the Earth?
Ocean currents move warm water from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles toward the equator, helping balance Earth’s temperature.
How does humidity affect the feeling of temperature?
Higher humidity makes the air feel warmer than it really is because sweat evaporates more slowly, making it harder for the body to cool down.
In a water molecule (H₂O), what type of bond holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?
Covalent bond
What is an isotope?
An isotope is a version of an element that has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
What is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth (in m/s²)?
9.8 m/s²
What is the Gulf Stream, and how does it impact the climate in Western Europe?
It warms the climate of Western Europe, making it milder than other places at the same latitude.
What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is, based on the average kinetic energy of its particles.
What is the bond between the two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule (H₂)?
Covalent bond (they share electrons)
How does the mass of an isotope affect its stability?
Isotopes with a very high or very low neutron-to-proton ratio tend to be unstable and may undergo radioactive decay. Stable isotopes have a more balanced ratio, depending on the element.
What happens to an object’s weight if you go to the Moon, where gravity is weaker than on Earth?
The object’s weight decreases because weight depends on gravity.
What is the role of the thermohaline circulation in global ocean currents?
Ocean currents are caused by wind, Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect), differences in water temperature and salinity, and the shape of ocean basins.
How does the water cycle contribute to weather patterns?
The water cycle (evaporation, condensation, precipitation) moves moisture through the atmosphere, creating clouds, rain, snow, and influencing humidity and temperature.
Which of the following is an example of a covalent bond: NaCl, H₂O, or NaBr?
H₂O is an example of a covalent bond
If a neutral atom of magnesium has 12 protons and 12 neutrons, what would be the isotope name and what ion does it usually form?
The isotope is Magnesium-24 (12 protons + 12 neutrons).
Magnesium typically loses 2 electrons to form the ion Mg²⁺.