prokaryote vs eukaryote
What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus that contains their genetic material, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and their DNA is located in the cytoplasm region.
Which organelle is often called the "powerhouse" of the cell because it generates most of the cell's energy (ATP)?
The mitochondrion.
The cell membrane is described as "selectively permeable" or "semipermeable." What does this mean?
means the membrane controls which substances can pass into and out of the cell.
Is osmosis a type of active transport or passive transport?
passive transport
In what type of organism does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis happens in autotrophs
Which type of cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, is generally larger and more complex?
Eukaryotic cells
Which organelle controls the cell's activities and contains the majority of the cell's genetic material (DNA)?
The nucleus.
Which form of cell transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across the membrane?
Active transport requires energy
What specific molecule moves across the cell membrane during osmosis?
Water molecules.
What are the two primary products of photosynthesis, and which are the two primary reactants of cellular respiration?
glucose (sugar) and oxygen. uses glucose and oxygen as reactants.
Do prokaryotic cells contain any organelles? If so, which ones?
Prokaryotic cells lack most membrane-bound organelles.
Ribosomes are crucial for which essential cellular process?
Protein synthesis
Define the process of diffusion in a biological context.
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Define osmosis in one sentence.
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
In which specific cell organelles do photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration take place?
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and aerobic cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria
Describe the difference in the organization and shape of the genetic material DNA between the two cell types.
Prokaryotic cells, the DNA is typically organized into a single, circular chromosome. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is organized into multiple, linear chromosomes that are condensed by histone proteins and contained within the nucleus.
Which specific organelle is found in plant cells but not animal cells, enabling the plant to produce its own food via photosynthesis?
The chloroplast.
Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion. What molecule is moving during osmosis?
Water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane during osmosis.
When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, and what happens to the water inside the cell?
Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink or shrivel.
How does the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which provide the energy needed to power the Calvin cycle.
Between nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, describe two key functional differences relating to cell size, cellular transport, or reproduction mechanisms.
Describe the coordinated function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus in a cell.
The RER makes proteins, which are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, which sorts, modifies, and packages them for delivery.
Briefly distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is the process where a cell brings materials in by enveloping them with its membrane. Exocytosis is the process where a cell expels materials out by fusing a vesicle with the membrane.
explain why drinking large amounts of saltwater is dangerous for human cells, referencing the principle of osmosis.
The saltwater creates a hypertonic environment around the body's cells. Water leaves the cells via osmosis to balance the concentration, causing the cells to dehydrate and potentially die.
If oxygen is absent, what alternative process follows glycolysis in animal muscle cells, and what is its specific waste product?