atomic theory
This Greek philosopher first proposed the idea of "atomos," suggesting that matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles
Democritus
This Russian scientist is credited with creating the first version of the Periodic Table in 1869, even leaving gaps for undiscovered elements.
Dmitri Mendeleev
the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion
inertia
In this state of matter, atoms are packed tightly together and vibrate in place, giving the object a definite shape and volume.
solid
This type of energy is stored in an object due to its position, like a boulder sitting at the top of a hill.
potential energy
His 1803 theory stated that atoms of the same element are identical in mass and properties.
John Dalton
Elements in the same vertical column are called a group or "this," and they share similar chemical properties
a family
According to this law, an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by this type of force.
unbalanced force
This state has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container, like water in a glass.
liquid
Derived from the Greek word for "movement," this is the energy an object possesses because of its motion.
kinetic energy
This 1909 experiment used alpha particles to prove that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positive nucleus
Gold Foil Experiment
This group of unreactive gases on the far right of the table has a full outer shell of valence electrons.
Noble Gases
This is the force required to accelerate a 2 kg mass at a rate of 5mls/2.
10 Newtons (F=ma)
Often found in stars and lightning, this "fourth state" of matter consists of highly ionized gas.
plasma
This form of energy is stored in the bonds of molecules and is released during reactions like digestion or combustion.
chemical energy
J.J. Thomson’s "Plum Pudding" model was overturned when he discovered this negatively charged subatomic particle.
electron
his term describes the horizontal rows on the table, which correspond to the number of electron shells an atom has.
periods
This law is often summarized by the phrase, "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction".
Newton's Third Law
Named after two famous physicists, this state of matter occurs when atoms are cooled to near absolute zero and begin to act as a single "super-atom."
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Also known as radiant energy, this form travels in transverse waves and includes X-rays, microwaves, and visible light.
electromagnetic energy
This 1920s model replaced Bohr's circular orbits with "orbitals," areas of high probability for finding an electron.
the Quantum Mechanical Model (or Electron Cloud Model)
this specific property measures an atom's ability to attract shared electrons; it generally increases as you move toward Fluorine.
electronegativity
When a car stops abruptly, this law explains why a passenger continues to move forward if they aren't wearing a seatbelt.
Newton's First Law (The Law of Inertia).
This is the term for when a substance transitions directly from a solid to a gas, skipping the liquid phase entirely.
sublimation
This fundamental law of physics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy