Empoword 4 (Interpretation, Analysis, and Close Reading) & 5 (Summary and Response)
This concept explains why two readers might draw different conclusions from the same text, since each brings unique experiences, moods, and purposes to the act of reading.
What is interpretation?
A journalist might avoid using clichéd language, rambling sentences, or direct questions in this element of the story, as readers often stop reading after it if they are not “hooked”.
What is the lead?
This recommended action is to gain a fresh perspective on your writing after completing a draft.
What is taking a break or getting distance from your writing?
When citing a direct quote that appears on page 45, your citation would look like this.
What is (Author, Year, p. 45)?
Books about historical events or biographies are considered this type of source because they interpret original information.
What are secondary sources?
This term describes analysis as a process that requires repeated, critical encounters with a text to deepen understanding.
What does iterative mean?
This type of lead begins with a short story or scene that draws readers into the article before presenting all the facts.
What is an anecdotal lead?
Reading your work this way helps you catch missing or awkward words, poor sentence structure, and other grammar errors.
What is reading aloud?
If a source has no publication date, APA instructs you to write this abbreviation.
What is “n.d.” (no date)?
Understanding the distinctions between these three types of sources is essential for thinking critically about research.
What are primary, secondary, and tertiary sources?
Summarizing helps develop these skills because it requires reading, interpreting, and processing a text before expressing its key points in your own words.
What are analytical skills?
A typical news lead addresses these six essential questions journalists must answer in a story.
What are the 5 W’s and H?
You can do this ahead of your rough draft to organize the structure, and if you do it after your essay is written to help revise the structure, it is called this.
What is a reverse outline?
When citing multiple sources in one parenthetical citation, APA instructs you to separate them with this punctuation and order them alphabetically.
What is a semicolon?
These sources are original materials created at the time of an event or discovery.
What are primary sources?
According to Jane Gallop, this is the opposite of projecting onto a text because it requires encountering something new instead of confirming what we already know.
What is learning?
When a journalist can’t answer all of the 5 W’s and H in the lead, this second paragraph provides context and explains why the story matters.
What is a nut graf?
The process that addresses global writing issues such as organization, tone, and argument.
What is revision?
When a work has three or more authors, APA 7 directs you to cite it this way.
What is “First Author et al.”?
If you cite a government census report from 1988 in your paper, this is the type of source you are using.
What is a primary source?
Roland Barthes argued that this concept should be “killed” so that readers can focus on the text itself rather than the writer’s motives.
What is authorial intent?
This term refers to the “lens” a journalist uses to approach the central issue of a story, which is often explained in the nut graf.
What is the story angle?
Important in any revision, this element may vary depending on the rhetorical situation, but it is typically consistent within a specific piece of writing.
What is the point of view?
When no author is listed, APA says to use this in place of the name.
What is the title (or shortened title) of the work?
When a researcher uses un-referenced internet sites to quickly learn background information before consulting more detailed scholarly studies, these sites function as this type of source.
What are tertiary sources?