Science 101
"If a sunflower is exposed to sunlight for 8 hours a day, then it will grow taller than sunflowers exposed to less light."
What are the independent and dependent variables in this hypothesis?
IV = Time in sun
DV = Height grown
What is the macromolecule that makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid
List the two main purposes for cell division.
Growth and repair
All of the chemical reactions within each cell of an organism
Metabolism
What is the "Rule of 10"?
Only 10% of the energy available gets passed on to each subsequent level in a trophic pyramid. 90% is either used by the organism or ”lost” as heat.
What is the second to last step (before draw a conclusion) in the scientific method?
Analyze data
What are three organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
cell walls, central vacuoles, and chloroplasts.
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
Benign tumors are clustered together, malignant tumors have metastasized and spread to other tissues and organs.
How do enzymes help speed up metabolic reactions?
By lowering the activation energy needed to get the reaction started.
An owl belongs in which trophic level?
Tertiary consumers
List the six elements necessary for life and give examples of three molecules that contain those elements.
C, H, O, N, P, S
Ex. H2O, CO2, O2
The nucleus protects DNA, which contains the instructions for making proteins.
The Golgi apparatus packages and sorts the proteins to be shipped out where needed.
The vesicles move the proteins around the cell.
Explain the difference between specialized cells and stem cells.
Stem cells are undifferentiated and can become any type of cell, whereas specialized already have specific structures and thus functions.
What are the three components of a ATP molecule made of?
Phosphates, Ribose, Adenine
Name the following process, the molecules involves, and which are the reactants and which are the products:
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Process = Photosynthesis
Reactants = Carbon Dioxide, Water
Products = Glucose, Oxygen
List the levels of organization that make up an organism, starting with an atom and ending with an organism. (hint: there are 8)
Atom - Molecule - Organelle - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ system - Organism
What is the process by which large molecules (like glucose) enter a cell through protein channels or carriers?
What is a negative feedback loop?
When the output of a system causes a counter response to return to a set point, leading to stabilization
Energy is released by ATP for the cell to use when...
...the bond between it's phosphates are broken
_________ respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces a lot more ATP (up to 36-38!)
_________ respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a lot less ATP (2-4).
Aerobic, Anaerobic
Which macromolecule has the following functions: Energy storage molecule (long term) as well as insulation, cushioning, structure and protection?
What are the three types of solutions created by the movement of water during osmosis?
hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions
Name and define the 4 stages of mitosis.
Prophase = spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes condense
Metaphase = chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Anaphase = chromosomes are pulled apart
Telophase = spindle fibers dissolve, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense
__________ are self-nourishers, and thus make their own food sources from nonliving sources, like the sun, or chemicals.
Autotrophs
"Electrons and hydrogens are used to charge up ATP, Oxygen is used, Water and a lot of ATP are made, occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria."
This best describes which process related to cellular respiration?
Electron Transport Chain