Biases
Overconfidence
overestimation of one’s abilities or knowledge
Experimental Research
Research that involves the manipulation of an independent variable in order to determine its effect on a dependent variable.
Quantative data v.s Qualiative data
bonus 50 pts: give an example for each
numerical values vs descriptive concepts
ex:height, weight, scores, grades
ex (qualiative) : labels, categories, groups
Correlational Studies are presented on what type of graph
Scatterplots
I DIDN'T HAVE A ROW FOR THIS SO JS TELL ME ALL THE ETHICS CONCEPTS
Protection From Harm
Informed Consent/Assent
Deception --> Debriefing
Confidentiality
Confirmation Bias
only seeking out information that aligns with your preconceptions
Meta Analysis
A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple related studies to reach an overall conclusion
random v.s convenience sampling
- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
v.s
- a sample is chosen based on easy availability not randomly; ex: friends,classmates, family, etc. (type of sampling Bias)
correlation coefficients range from __ to ___
-1.0 to 1.0
Statistical Significance
the difference we observe in comparing data that we can confidently conclude is LIKELY NOT DUE TO CHANCE
Hindsight Bias
making a claim after the fact when you haven’t proposed a hypothesis or prediction
Naturalistic Observation
150 point bonus: common bias with this technique?
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in natural situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation
bonus: The Hawthorne Effect
Operational Definition
A statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables.
Strong correlations/strong predictors are closer to__ and weak correlations are closer to____
what is the variable used to describe this value?
strong : 1 (either negative or positive)
weak: 0
Effect Size
a statistical measure that quantifies the magnitude of an effect meaning how big the effect is.
Hawthorne Effect
(naturalistic observation) bias where subjects change their behaviors because they know they are being watched/studied.
Case Studies/ Clinical Studies
250 pt bonus: Describe the Phineas Gage case study
A technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles that may be inferred to the greater population.
bonus: a foundational neuroscience case where a, 3.7-foot tamping rod tore through Gage’s frontal lobe, revealing the brain's role in personality and social behavior. Gage survived with his intellect intact but suffered severe personality shifts, becoming "no longer Gage," establishing the first link between brain injury and psychological change.
confounding variables
an uncontrolled variable that can impact both the IV & DV giving the illusion of a greater or lesser impact of IV on the DV
Rank from strongest to weakest correlation:
D) -0.67
C) 0.30
E) 0.84
A) 0.01
B)-0.25
E,D,C,B,A
Standard Deviation and Percentile Rank
1) how closely the other scores are clustered around the mean.
• A large standard deviation: scores are very spread out from the mean.
• A small standard deviation: scores are very close to the mean
2) The percentage of scores in a distribution that fall at or below a given score
False Consensus Effect v.s Sampling Bias
F.C.E: (mental error) cognitive bias where individuals overestimate how much others share their beliefs, seeing own behavioral choices and judgments as relatively common and appropriate to existing circumstances.
Sampling Bias: (research error) methodological error where a data sample is collected in a way that doesn't represent the total population, resulting in skewed findings.
SAMPLING BIAS CAN LEAD TO F.C.E
Correlational Study
compare different factors/variables & reveal possible relationships between them.
why are operational definitions important (past definition)
Allow for replication of research
• Peer review of research provides necessary
feedback & guidance for all researchers.
what is the variable used to describe correlation coefficients
"r" (ex: r= -0.34), "Pearson's r"
Normal Distribution v.s Skewed (pos. and neg.) v.s. Bimodal
1)mean = median = mode
2.1) Positive skew is associated with a long tail to the right
2.2) Negative Skew is associated with a long tail to the left
3) 2 modes