Biodiversity
This is the diversity of all the genes, species, and habitats on Earth, is the different ways that groups of species are organized together on the planet, and it describes different combinations of living and nonliving components in varied environmental systems of inputs, outputs, and feedbacks
What is Biodiversity/Biological Diversity?
This scientist proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection
Who is Charles Darwin?
No members of a species remain on earth
What is extinct?
The study of the factors that regulate a population
What is population ecology?
What is Herbivory?
Any assemblage of populations in a particular area or habitat
What is a community?
An ecological term for production standardizes per unit area and time
What is productivity?
One or more communities interacting with their environment as a defined unit
What is an ecosystem?
The three elements often called the “building blocks of life”
What are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
A region of a chromosome, containing a length of DNA that behaves as a specific unit in inheritance and determines the development of a specific trait
What is a gene?
A measure of the relative viability of an organism
What is fitness?
The remains of extinct animals preserved in rock
What are fossils?
Interactions with other individuals within the population
What are intraspecific interactions?
The use of one species as a resource by another species
What is predation?
A species that plays a role in a community far more important than its relative abundance
What is a keystone species?
The primary source of energy on Earth
What is the sun?
This covers 71% of the earth
What is the ocean?
All life on earth, plus their ecosystems and environments
What is the biosphere?
Goods, services, or information that provide benefits to people have this type of value
What is instrumental?
The reproductive success of an organism
What is fertility?
The chemical or physical factors in an environment that influence survival and growth
What are conditions?
Interactions with individuals in population of other species
What are interspecific interactions?
The role of an organism within a community
What is a niche?
A predictable replacement of certain species by others over a number of years
What is succession?
The weight of biological material
What is biomass?
One of the three important aspects of an ecosystem; where one ecosystem ends and another begins
What is an ecosystem’s boundary?
The movement between and storage of water in various compartments of the hydrosphere
What is the hydrologic cycle?
Alternative forms of a gene that contain different instructions for what the gene will produce
What is an allele?
The process of becoming most fit for a specific environment
What is adaption?
Non-native species introduced to a new area by people
What are exotic species?
The two types of population regulation factors
What are density-dependent and density-independent?
In which animals, plants, fungi, or bacteria feed on or use as a habitat another organism, causing injury but usually not death
What is parasitism?
A summary of the species in a community and the ways they are linked by predator-prey interactions to form pathways of energy flow
What is a food web?
What is a primary producer?
The two types of freshwater systems
What are flowing and standing?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur
What are macronutrients?
The ultimate source of biodiversity on Earth
What is genetic diversity?
This occurs when organisms from one population migrate to another population
What is gene flow?
Predictable factors that can cause extinctions, density-dependent factors fall under this umbrella.
What are deterministic factors?
The proportions of different ages remain constant as the population increases
What is stable age distribution?
One of the two processes regulations density-dependent controls; when prey density increases, predator density will increase
What is numerical response?
What is primary succession?
The amount of CH2O produced in a given area over a given time
What is primary productivity?
Plants and animals that live on or near the bottom of the rivers and streams
What is the benthic community?
There three things that may happen when water comes into contact with vegetation or soil
What is evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff?
The genetic complement of an individual organism
What is genotype?
This is caused by a harsh and sudden reduction of a population, resulting in the extinction of different alleles
What is the bottleneck event?
Human activity that divides a large tract of land into smaller pieces
What is habitat fragmentation?
The maximum harvest of individuals that will produce the maximum economic profit and allow the population to not go extinct
What is maximum sustainable yield?
The effect predation has on the population of both predatory and prey
What is density-dependent?
A predator that keeps the populations of other species in balance
What is a keystone predator?
The total amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis over a given time
What is gross primary production?
Transitional areas between the strictly terrestrial and aquatic regions
What are wetlands?
The greatest amount of this element on earth is tied up in organic matter in sedimentary and carbonic rock
What is carbon?
Objects, living or nonliving, that have worth in and of themselves, independent of any benefit they may provide to humans and are by their nature priceless are said to have this type of value
What is intrinsic?
The main indicator of the fitness of an individual
What is number of offspring?
What are stochastic factors?
What is linear?
One of the two processes regulations density-dependent controls; when prey population decreases, predators switch from low-density prey to high-density prey
What is functional response?
A species within a community that changes, creates, or maintains the habitat; the North American beaver is a good example
What is an ecosystem engineer?
The difference between gross primary productivity and respiration
What is net primary productivity?
One of the three important aspects of an ecosystem; the individuals, populations, and communities that live within the ecosystme
What is the biotic component?
A natural conversion of nitrate to nitrous oxide, which is them emitted into the atmosphere; this occurs when there is a high accumulation of nitrate in wet soils
What is denitrification?
All of an individual’s anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics.
What is a phenotype?
The number of sickle-cell alleles needed for the disease to be fatal?
What is two?
The relationship between area and the number of species
A type of growth characterized by a nearly unlimited growth rate until it reached a constant, causing population to reach carrying capacity
What is logistic?
A symbiosis where both partners benefit
What is mutualism?
Succession that occurs on land without vegetation, but has not experienced the destruction of the soil surface
What is secondary succession?
The approximate energy efficiency of most primary producers
What is 1 percent?
An abrupt changes in the temperature of water with depth that prevents the mixing of the layers of water
What is thermocline?
The four processes that run the carbon cycle
What are photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion?
The nineteenth-century Austrian monk who was the first person to understand genetic variation within and among individuals.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Random changes in genotypes in small population
What is genetic drift?
The cause of the extinction of the Dodo
What is overexploitation?
A population subdivided into several geographical groups that remain genetically and ecologically connected through the dispersal of individuals
What is a metapopulation?
Competition between two species
What is interspecific competition?
Bacteria or scavengers that feed on dead organic matter
What is a decomposer?
Organisms that feed on the first-level consumers?
What are secondary consumers?
One of the three types of wetlands; where salt and fresh water mix at the mouths of rivers
Manganese, iron, copper, zinc, chloride, molybdenum, and bornon
What are micronutrients?
The only way for a new allele to be produced
What is mutation?
Having only one copy of sickle-cell disease provides natural protection against this disease
What is malaria?
The effect of this on species lost can be estimated by using the equation S1/S0=(A1/A0)Z
What is deforestation?
The scientist who carried out some of the first experiments on density-dependence
Who is Georgii Gause?
The principle that states that if a limiting resource cannot be shared between two species, one species will succeed and the other will go extinct
What is competitive exclusion?
These species inhabit bare rock after a an event creates a new surface devoid of life; examples of these are lichens and mosses
What are early successional species?
Organisms that directly eat the primary producers
What are primary consumers?
The person who defined an ecosystem as “a spatially explicit unit of the Earth that includes all of the organisms, along with all components of the abiotic environment within its boundaries”
Who is Gene Likens?
The conversion of organic mater to ammonium driven by microorganisms
What is ammonification?
These three plants provide the majority of the food we eat today.
What are corn, wheat, and rice?
This animal is the most well-known example of the bottleneck effect
What is the cheetah?
The difference between all the species that have evolved over time and all of those species that no longer exist
What is the actual number of species currently present?
The environmental disruption that caused the collapse of the Peruvian anchovy fishery
What is El Niño?
The definition of symbiotic relationships between species used by ecologists
What is reciprocal exploitation?
The state where Organ Cave is located
What is West Virginia?
The efficiency of transfer of energy or biomass from one level of a system to another
What is transfer efficiency?
One of the three important aspects of an ecosystem; the physical and chemical component, including temperature, water, salinity, soil structure, and mineral nutrients
What is the abiotic component?
Water losses from a landscape due to evaporation and transpiration
What is evapotranspiration?
This increases among individuals in a population when there are many different alleles for a gene.
What is genetic variation?
What is the HMS Beagle?
The boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods
What is the K-T boundary?
The type of bacteria used in some of the first laboratory experiments on density-dependence
What is Paramecia?
The two bacterium used in the experiment to see how two different species effect each other’s growth
What are P. Caudatum and P. Aurelia?
Species that may be highly adapted to exploiting open, sunny areas without needing a large supply of nutrients
What are late successional specie?
A model of the trophic structure of an ecosystem, with plant productivity on the bottom, herbivores above that, and carnivores above the herbivores
What is an ecological pyramid?
One of the three types of wetlands; the intertidal region
What is a marine wetland?
The simple equation used to represent the hydrologic cycle
What is PRECIP = ET + I + RO?
(PRECIP=precipitation, ET=evapotranspiration, I=infiltration, RO=runoff)
The only people that can have the same combination of genes
What are identical twins?
Smaller populations are more likely to undergo rapid evolution by this type of mechanism
What is nonadaptive?
The species commonly associated with the classic example of a density-independent population regulation
What is Thrips imaginis?
An old term for the late stages of succession in forests
What is a climb forest?
CO2+H2O+energy from the sun —> CH2O+O2
What is photosynthesis?
One of the three types of wetlands; includes bogs, marshes, swamps, and peatlands; make up 91% of all wetlands
What is a freshwater wetland?
The process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the ocean and incorporating it into plant materials
What is carbon fixation?
Humans have approximately 300,000 of these
What are genes?
CH2O+O2 —> CO2+H2O+energy(heat)
What is respiration?
What is nitrification?
What is Canis familiaris?