Reagent reactions
What red dye is used to detect lipids by binding to hydrocarbon chains?
Sudan lll
List the four major classes of biomolecules.
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
What is a negative control in an experiment?
A sample known to not produce the reaction, used to show what a negative result looks like.
What makes lipids unique at the molecular level?
They are hydrophobic molecules that do not dissolve in water
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids.
Describe the initial color of Benedict's solution before adding a sugar- containing sample.
blue
What are monomers?
smaller molecules that join to form polymers.
Why are both positive and negative controls important in scientific testing?
validate test reliability, confirm reagents are working correctly, prevent false positive results, provide a basis for comparing experimental results.
Name two types of lipids mentioned in the lecture materials.
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids
two proteins jobs?
catalyze reactions, transport molecules.
Describe the specific color change that occurs when Lugol'd iodine interacts with starch.
changes from amber to dark blue, because of the interaction with the starch polymer's coiled structure.
Name two functions of proteins in living organisms.
Catalyze chemical reactions, transport substances, provide structural support, and facilitate cellular communication.
Describe the placement strategy for control in the biomolecule detection lab.
negative controls are typically placed on the left side, and positive controls are typically placed on the right side.
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats: Maximum hydrogen atoms, no double bonds, solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats: Contain double bonds, create a "kink" in the molecular chain, liquid at room temperature
What makes amino acids different?
R group
Explain the mechanism behind Benedicts solution color variation and what it indicates about sugar concentration.
Benedicts solution changes from blue to green, yellow, orange, or brick red, with color intensity directly relating to the concentration of sugars containing free aldehyde or ketone groups.
what chemical reaction builds polymers?
dehydration reaction
Explain how color changes in control tests help scientists interpret experimental results.
Different reagents produce specific color changes, Color intensity can indicate concentration, Comparing to known controls helps identify presence of biomolecules, Provides quantitative and qualitative information about the sample.
Describe the health implications of different types of fats.
What breaks protein structure?
Temperature, salt, pH changes
Explain how the Biuret reagent detects proteins at the molecular level, including its chemical interaction mechanism.
The Biuret reagent contains copper ions that interact with peptide bonds in proteins. in the absence of protein, the reagent is blue; when peptide bonds are present, the copper ions form a complex that changes the solution's color to lavender/purple, indicating protein presence.
How do cells break down polymers?
Hydrolysis
Discuss the broader scientific significance of using control techniques in experimental design.
Ensures experimental accuracy, Validates testing methods, Provides a standardized approach to scientific investigation, Helps eliminate bias and random variations, Critical for reproducibility of scientific results
Provide a comprehensive explanation of how molecular structure impacts lipid function in biological systems.
Molecular configuration determines physical properties, Affects membrane fluidity, Influences energy storage capabilities, Determines interaction with other molecules and Plays a crucial role in cellular processes and organism metabolism.
What do enzymes do?
Speeding up chemical reactions.