Chemistry
Atom
The basic unit of a chemical element.
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
A technique used to amplify DNA sequences.
Thermal Processing
Techniques used to preserve food by applying heat, such as pasteurization or sterilization, to destroy microorganisms.
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Placebo
A substance with no therapeutic effect, used as a control in drug testing.
Genome
The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
Rheology
The study of the flow and deformation of food materials, including their viscosity, elasticity, and plasticity.
pH Scale
A measure of acidity or alkalinity.
Osmosis
Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Antibiotic
A drug used to treat bacterial infections.
Plasmid
A small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA.
Mass Transfer
The movement of mass from one location to another, essential in processes like drying, evaporation, and filtration.
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.
Analgesic
A drug used to relieve pain.
Transgenic
An organism that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome.
Extrusion
A high-temperature, short-time process where food materials are forced through a die to form products like pasta, snacks, and cereals.
Oxidation
Loss of electrons in a chemical reaction.
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants make their food using sunlight.
Antihistamine
A drug used to treat allergic reactions.
Gene Cloning
The process of making multiple, identical copies of a gene.
Fermentation
A metabolic process in which microorganisms like yeast or bacteria convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, used in making products like yogurt, beer, and bread.