Plant and Animal Cells
Mitosis
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Everything Else
100
What are the steps for making proteins?
1. The nucleus recieves a chemical signal to make a specific protein. 2. DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule. 3. RNA leaves through the nuclear pore. 4.RNA message is delivered to the ribosome 5. protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum 6. vesicle forms in endoplasmic reticulum which carries the protein to the golgi body. 7. Golgi body repackages protein for transport out of the cell. 8. vesicle attaches to the cell membrane 9. vesicle attached to the cell membrane and exits.
100
What is the stage where the cell is preparing to replicate?
Prophase
100
How many different types of asexual reproduction (name them all)
Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Vegatative Reproduction, and Spore formation
100
List the differences/benefits of internal and external fertilization
External: Ex. sea urchin releasing fertilization into the water, and latching onto eggs +: less energy to find a mate -: less eggs survive Internal: Sperm is deposited into the female, and latches onto eggs. +: most offspring survive (protected by their mothers) -: requires more energy to find a mate fewer zygotes
100
What is a stem cell.
It has the potential to become any cell in the human body (over 200 different ones)
200
What is the difference between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have a cell wall or chloroplasts unlike animal cells.
200
What is the stage where the cell contents start to divide and the membrane dissappears
Anaphase
200
What are the benefits of Asexual Reproduction?
It takes less energy to find a partner, and the offspring of the parents would be able to survive or carry a beneficial gene for means of survival
200
List the types of assisted reproductive technologies
Vitro Fertilization, means fertilization outside of the body. IVF is the most effective ART. It is often used when a woman's Fallopian tubes are blocked or when a man produces too few sperm. Doctors treat the woman with a drug that causes the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Once mature, the eggs are removed from the woman. They are put in a dish in the lab along with the man's sperm for fertilization. After 3 to 5 days, healthy embryos are implanted in the woman's uterus. Intrafallopian Transfer, or Tubal Embryo Transfer is similar to IVF. Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the Fallopian tube instead of the uterus. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, is often used for couples in which there are serious problems with the sperm. Sometimes it is also used for older couples or for those with failed IVF attempts. In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg. Then the embryo is transferred to the uterus or Fallopian tube.
200
How many chromosomes does a human have. What is the haploid number
A human has 46. The haploid number would be 23
300
What are the three main steps of the cell cycle.
Interphase: cells carry out basic life functions Mitosis: divides the duplicated contents of the cells nucleus into two equal parts Cytokinesis: seperates the two nuclei and cell contents into two daughter cells
300
what is the stage where the chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?
Metaphase
300
How are Binary Fission and Budding different?
In budding, the new organism is from the old organism, its kind of sprouting out. (look at the first picture) The cytoplasm is split unevenly Binary fission is when the organism split to form two new organisms. Here the cytoplasm is split evenly.
300
What cells are produced through Meiosis
Gametes or Spores
300
What is the benefit of grafting?
It can help the scion with a more vigorous root system. Grafting can control the eventual size of the plant, and enable the plants to produce trees faster.
400
What are the protein checkpoints
re control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed. During growth and preparation: Cell lacks nutrients to support growth. Continued growth and preparation: DNA has not replicated. Cell must be repaired or destroyed. Mitosis: Some of the chromosomes have not attached spindle fibres to metaphase. Cells must be repaired or destroyed.
400
What is the stage where the spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes and the cell starts to split
Telophase
400
Why can't multicellular organisms reproduce asexually?
Unicellular organisms tend to be plants which are far less complex than mammals and reptiles.
400
What is Meiosis 2?
the segregation of chromosomes the sister chromatids seperate into gametes (eggs or sperm)
400
Name the two types of human assisted cloning.
Reproductive cloning: produces a genetic duplicate that carries a desirable qualities (a cow that produces more milk would want to be cloned) Therapeutic cloning: Used to correct health problems (colin needing a new kidney)
500
How is a cancer cell different than a normal cell.
Cancer cells aren't receptive to messages that are being sent so they will continue to replicate even when not nessicary; forming a tumor
500
what is the stage where the chromosomes split?
the end of telophase
500
What types of animals reproduce asexually?
hydras, sponges, starfish and most invertebrates.
500
List the 6 stages of Meiosis 1:
The cell appears to follow stages similar to MITOSIS (chromosomes replicating and then lining up), except in MEIOSIS the cells switch sections of DNA before dividing in half, and then once again into four different cells
500
what is a surrogate mother
The mother of someone else's child who is not fertile and cannot conceive a child
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