Famous Scientists
Enlightenment Thinkers
Key Terms
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100
The first person to make a model of the solar system with the sun and not the earth in the center
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus
100
He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa.
Who is John Locke
100
A despotic monarchy is a form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people and wields unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its people.
What is an Absolute Monarch
100
was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships were traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe.
What is the Age of Exploration
100
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
What is the Scientific Method
200
Danish astronomer whose work in developing astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the positions of stars paved the way for future discoveries. His observations—the most accurate possible before the invention of the telescope—included a comprehensive study of the solar system and accurate positions of more than 777 fixed stars.
Who is Tyco Brahe
200
Born in 1694, in Paris, France, he established himself as one of the leading writers of the Enlightenment. His famed works include the tragic play Zaïre, the historical study The Age of Louis XIV and the satirical novella Candide. Often at odds with French authorities over his politically charged works, he was twice imprisoned and spent many years in exile.
Who is Voltaire
200
God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.
What is Divine Right
200
a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.
What is the Renaissance
200
He wrote Encyclopedia
Who is Denis Diderot
300
He is most famous for his law of gravity
Who is Isaac Newton
300
best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft
300
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
What is the Enlightenment
300
was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
What is the Protestant Reformation
300
He established the idea of the social contract, the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order and the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people
Who is Thomas Hobbes
400
The father of the Scientific Method
Who is Francis Bacon
400
During the period of the French Revolution, he was the most popular of the philosophes among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. He wrote On Education, Julie, and Confessions
Who is Jean Jacques Rousseau
400
a Monarch from France, built the palace of Versailles, had nobles worship him so he could keep an eye on them
Who is King Louis XIV
400
The theory that the earth revolves around the sun
What is Heliocentric Theory
400
A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. ELLIPTICAL ORBITS
Who is Johannes Kepler
500
an English fossil collector, dealer, and paleontologist who became known around the world for important finds she made in Jurassic marine fossil beds in the cliffs along the English Channel at Lyme Regis in the county of Dorset in Southwest England.Her findings contributed to important changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth.
Who is Mary Anning, paleontologist
500
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon.
Who is Montesquieu
500
Grand Palace built by King Louis XIV
What is the Palace of Versailles
500
He was the person who invented the telescope
Who is GALILEO
500
Bacon has been called the father of empiricism.[6] His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive and careful observation of events in nature. Most importantly, he argued this could be achieved by use of a skeptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. The father of the Scientific Method
Who is Francis Bacon
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