Endocrine
What are the 4 types of chemical signalling in multicellular organisms?
Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, Juxtacrine
What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
Beta pancreatic islet cells
What glial cell has immune functions in the CNS?
Microglia
What cells get affected in a patient with Multiple Sclerosis?
Myelinating cells (oligodendrocytes in CNS and schwann cells in PNS)
No
What are desmosomes?
Adhesion junctions that link cells via intermediate filaments
What is the root cause of Hashimoto's Disease?
Autoimmune response against the thyroid gland
T/F: Graded potentials possess the All or None mechanism
False
Ria, a small child, comes in and it is evident that she is having problems moving and maintaining balance and posture. What disorder does she have?
Cerebral palsy
What mechanoreceptor is responsible for cold thermoreception?
What type of hormone is calcitonin? (Peptide, steroid, amine)
Peptide
Low TSH and high T4
Josephine goes scuba diving and gets bitten by a puffer fish (oh no?). The puffer fish injects tetrodotoxin into her veins, a toxin that inhibits voltage gated Na channels. What is the effect of this toxin on action potentials?
Inhibits the initiation of action potentials
What are the 3 types of stroke?
Hemorrhagic, ischemic, transient ischemic attack
Why is there a layer of mucus lining the cilia of olfactory neurons?
Odorants must be dissolved in order for detection by olfactory neurons
What is the effect of alcohol on urine?
Inhibits vasopressin, leads to more urine and dehydration
How is cretinism treated?
Iodine supplements or levythyroxine
How does alcohol affect glutamate and GABA synapses?
Inhibits glutamate, stimulates GABA
Joyce (unfortunately) has epilepsy. The other day, she had a seizure that was more severe than previous seizures; in fact it led to loss of consciousness. What type of seizure did she experience?
Tonic clonic
Josephine inhibits the entry of Ca ions into hair cells. What is the impact of this on hearing?
Prevents the release of glutamate from hair cells, leading to hearing problems
What type of hormone binds to receptors inside the nucleus?
Lipid hormones that are not steroids (like thyroxine!)
Ankita comes in complaining of having sensitive skin (prone to bruises), stretch marks on her skin, and a redistribution of fat in her body. What disorder does she have?
Addison's
In an intergalactic species named Keshav, its extracellular concentration of K+ is 70 mM, while its intracellular concentration is 30 mM. What is the equilibrium potential of K+ in Keshav?
+22.45 mV
Andrea started experiencing tremors, fatigue, and slurred speech. Interestingly, whenever she bent her head, she felt an electrical shock sensation. What disorder does she have?
Multiple sclerosis
Explain the signal transduction behind the sensing of sweet foods.