Sedimentary rocks
peat, lignite, bitumininous, and anthracite coal
diagenetic processes include:
compaction, sedimentation, reworking, Authigenic, replacement by secondary minerals, crystallization by secondary minerals, leaching, hydration, bacterial action, and formation of concretions
*authigenesis: Authigenesis is the process whereby a mineral or sedimentary rock deposit is generated where it is found or observed. Such deposits are described as authigenic. Authigenic sedimentary minerals form during sedimentation by precipitation or recrystallization instead of being transported from elsewhere (allogenic) by water or wind. Authigenic sediments are the main constituents of deep sea sedimentation. Authigenic clays tend to reduce the porosity of sediments, thus reducing permeability.
List the contact metamorphic facies in increasing grade.
Albite-Epidote Hornfels, hornblende hornfels, pyroxene hornfels, sanidinite
99% of Earth is made up of these 8 elements
Fe, Si, O, Mg, Al, Ca, Ni, S
Who is rumored to be sleeping with Kanye west and the cause of Kim and Kanye's divorce?
Jeffery Star
What is the sequence evaporites form?
calcite, gypsum or anhydrite, halite, magnesium sulfate and chlorates, and finally sodium bromide and potassium chlorides.
The following sequence:
Limestone - shale - sandstone progressively migrates toward land.
This is called what?
Transgressive sequence. This is an onlapping relationship. the youngest carbonate will over ly the older shales and sandstones.
What tectonic environment do blueschists commonly develop in?
Subduction zones at low temperatures (300-400 C) and high pressures (>5000 bar)
Common minerals!
Quartz
Feldspar
Mica
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Olivine
*and they're all silicates!
How many chickens would it take to be able to kill a lion?
idk probably 50
What diameter is associated with each particle size? what sediment? and what rock?
<1/256: Clay: Mud: Claystone, mudstone, shale
1/256 to 1/16: Silt: Mud: Siltstone
1/16 to 2: Sand: Sandstone
2 to 64: pebble: gravel: conglomerate and breccia
64 to 256: cobble: gravel: conglomerate and breccia
> 256: boulder: gravel: conglomerate and breccia
What is a regressive sequence?
Resgressive seas record a seaward- migrating sequence of nearshore sandstone-shale-limestone. in an offlapping relationsip.
List the regional metamorphic facies in increasing grade
Zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, blueschist, greenschist, amphibolite, granulite, eclogite
These 4 things are to blame for the wide range of compositions of igneous rocks
Partial melting - refer to Bowens
Fractional crystallization - minerals crystallizing out of a chamber resulting in a change in composition
Magma Mixing - 2 magma chambers meeting and mixing
Assimilation - magma moving upward towards surface
Would you ever buy an electronic toothbrush?
NO
A sedimentary rock's provenance is used to determine what?
1. The type of transport, distance of transport, an location of a probable source area for sand or pebbles
2. Distances and rates of displacement of strike-slip faults and offset deposits
3. The source lithology on the basis of heavy minerals present.
What is a Facies?
How do they form?
A Facies is a mappable areally restricted part of a rock body that has different fossils or lithology from other contiguous beds deposited at the same time. Facies can also be defined in terms of its lithologic composition (lithofaceis) or its biological aspects (biofacies)
1. Materials supplied to the depositional site are different
2. Environments of deposition may vary
What is the protolith of skarn, and how/where does it form?
Limestone/dolomite, contact metamorphism/metasomatism in contact aureoles
Name intrusive/extrusive examples!
~70% Si; Qz, K-spar, Na-plag. Poor in Fe/Mg.
Between Felsic and Mafic.
Rich in Fe/Mg; Ca-plag, pyroxene, no qz. Low Si (~50%).
Granite/Rhyolite
Diorite/Andesite
Gabbro/Basalt
Who is the cutest child on the planet?
Mo Whipkey
What differentiates the following sandstones:
arenite, wacke, arkose, and graywacke
arenite: well sorted sandstone
wacke: poorly sorted sandstone with a matrix of silt and clay
graywacke: lithic fragments or iron and magnesium minerals and feldspar along with quartz sand and silt
What environment of deposition is represented by this type of sediment:
Silts and muds deposited over former beach sands, interbedded with carbonate sediments. Variable marine fauna present. In restricted basin evaporites may form
Shallow-water marine (continental shelf)
What is the most widespread metamorphic rock?
Greenschist
Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
Granite Andesite Gabbro Peridotite
Rhyolite Diorite Basalt Olivine
XX% <------------ [______] content <---------- XX%
<----------------[__] & [_] content <------------------
---------------> [__], [__], & [__] content --------->
<------------------- [______]<----------------------
Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
Granite Andesite Gabbro Peridotite
Rhyolite Diorite Basalt Olivine
70% <------------ Silica conent <------------- 40%
<----------------Na & K content <-------------------
---------------> Fe, Mg, & Ca content ------------->
<-------------------Viscosity<----------------------
Which is better, Kayaks or Bikes?
Kayaks