Plant Evolution & Structure
name the MAIN disadvantage that plants had by growing on land
dessication (drying out)
what are the two generations that plants alternate in between, and what is the ploidy level for each?
gametophyte (n) and sporophyte (2n)
name the very critical adaptation that plants developed to prevent dessication
waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
name the dominant generation for vascular seedless plants
sporophyte (2n)
what's your favorite halloween candy?
mine is kitkat and sourpatch :)
describe the issue that plants had in terms of structural support when growing on land
air and hydrostatic pressure from water would keep plants floating up, but as they moved to land, they had to worry about how they must get structural support with gravity working against them.
if a unicellular haploid spore germinates into a multicellular haploid gametophyte, what process must have happened in between?
mitosis
you are a researcher and you notice a zone of concentrated cell growth on the tips of a plant root. You also notice that the plant is standing upright pretty well, and that its stem is pretty rigid. What two adaptations are you observing?
apical meristems; lignin in cell wall
name the two groups found under seedless vascular plants. Which one do club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses belong to?
what is another name for seedless nonvascular plants? What is their dominant generation?
bryophytes; gametophyte (n)
name 3 traits that charophytes, chlorophytes, and plants all have in common
multicellularity, chloroplasts, cellulose, starch
if a multicellular _____ sporangium makes unicellular ______ spores, what process must have happened in between?
diploid; haploid; meiosis
what is the purpose of sporopollenin?
to provide a tough outer shell for protection as spores disperse through the air
you are a plant biologist and you are observing a vascular seedless plant. Name the 2 vascular tissues that you would be able to find in this plant and their purposes. Also say what direction they run in (top or bottom).
xylem: transport water and minerals to the top
phloem: transport sugars from photosynthesis down
you are observing a moss that has been very dried out and has not received any water for a long time. What cannot be formed as a result of this?
zygote
name 3 advantages plants had by living on land
higher carbon dioxide concentration, more light intensity, more minerals, no herbivores, no competition
In the process of A, the male gamete B, and the female gamete C, must come together to produce a D with a ploidy level of E.
A: fertilization
B: sperm
C: egg
D: zygote
E: 2n (diploid)
you come across a plant that seems to have 2 types of structures. One of the structures is low to the ground, while the other grows up tall. Describe the purpose of the tall structure and the processes happening inside it.
the tall structure is the sporophyte generation and it needs to be high up to disperse its spores far away; meiosis occurs here to go from diploid sporangium to haploid spores.
this phyla of seedless vascular plants has microphylls supported by a single strand of vascular tissue. What phyla of vascular seedless plants is this, and what are their sporophylls called?
lycophytes; strobilus
1. true or false: nonvascular plants have roots
2. true or false: the three groups of bryophytes are liverworts, mosses, and, ferns
3. true or false: moss sperm needs water to travel and fertilize the egg
1. false; they must get their nutrients from "false roots" called rhizoids
2. false: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
3. true
describe the issue that plants had with spreading their gametes while on land.
Hint: how were gametes able to spread before moving to land?
the process to make spores from sporangia is A
the process to make a zygote from sperm and egg is B
the process to make sporophyte from zygote is C
A: meiosis
B: fertilization
C: mitosis
the ______ of a plant helps to retain water, but it can clog the plant's pores. So, plants use _____ to allow for _____ needed for photosynthesis.
waxy cuticle; stomata; gas exchange
You are a plant biologist observing a diverse plant that has large megaphylls, sori, and lives as an epiphyte. What type of plant is this, and what group do they belong to under seedless vascular plants?
ferns; monilophytes
you are a plant biologist exploring the super cold tundra and you come across a very numerous type of bryophyte. What is this group of bryophytes called, and where does its sporophyte grow from?
mosses; archegonium