Airway
What is the difference between internal and external respiration and where does aerobic respiration take place
Internal - the offloading of o2 at the cellular level
External - )2 movement across the alveolar capillary membrane
Aerobic resp is in the mitochondria
What are the 3 forms of alcohol (examples too)and which one can cause blindness
Methanol(blindness)-->windshield wiper, ethanol--> beer, isopropanal--? rubbing alc
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
epidural - arterial
subdural - venous
MEDULLA -
Pons - apneustic (for prolonged inhalation), and penumotaxic (prevents overfilling of the lungs)
4 types of headaches
tension, cluster, vascular, infection
What 2 things is oxynegation affected by, vs what 2 things is ventilation affected by
oxyenegation - fi02 and peep
ventilation - rr and tidal volume
What do benzo's and alcohol have in common?
They both mimic GABA an inhibitary neurotransmitter
middle meningeal artery(often hit on the side of the head)
you will see a temporary loss of conciousness(lucid interval) followed by rapid deteriation
So will see the same s/s as hemorrhagic shock
Explain Boyle's Law in regards to ventilation
As the size of the container increases (thoracic cavity), the pressure inside it decreases allowing air to rush in during inhalation
and vise versa
As many s/s symptoms of a stroke as u can think of plus whats the time frame someone should get at the hospital to receive thrombolytics
facial droop, drooling, slurred speech, weakness, pupils, dizzy, unexplained HTN,
What are some indications for a BIAD and contraindications
Indications - need free hands, cardiac arrest(so long transport time), and sp02 less than 90 thats refractory to bls methods
Contraindications - upper airway burns, caustic substance injestion--> basically anything that irrtates the upper airway
Cholinergics acronyms vs anticholinergics acronyms
Cholinergics (muscanric = sludgem, nicotinic = mtwhf)
Anticholinergics ( DRBHM) --> "antifluid " and will cuase everything sympathetic except for sweating
Also what is your regular cpp and what formula do you use to find it
normal 5-10. head injury 10-15, herniation 25
regular cpp is 60
cpp=map-icp
WHat can all obstructive respitary conditions lead to and why is it bad
Air trapping
increase of pressure in the thoracis cavit can put more pressure on the vena cava cutting off blood flow and causing hypotension
will also see shark finning on ur etco2
Types of seizures and what differentiates them
generalized : absence(biref spcaed out), tonic-clonic(violent jerking)
partial: Focal: one muscle group, jacknsonian (repititive movements ), and complex ( can still complete complex tasks
Give me the percent of o2 being provided by an NC, NRB, BVM and also how much ml of air being provided by a adult child and ped bvm
NC - 25-25
NRB - 60-100
BVM- on its own 21, with 02 40-60, with resoivoir 100
adult(1000-1600), child(500-700), ped ( 150-240)
What receptors cause the respiratory depression and pinpoint pupils in opiates overdoses
MU, kappa, delta
Why do you attempt to increase the cpp of a head injured pt/herniation pt
Bonus points for physiology of why cushings happens
Because if you inscreases your cpp, you decrease your icp attempting to prevent any herniation
The increased icp is sensed by baroreceptors and they tell you to raise your bp to maintain cpp, than your hr decreases in response which supports the increasing bp, as medulla damaged you see irregular resps(cheyne-stokes)
2 types of pulmonary edema and explain why giving fluidto one is bad
cardiogenic - left side of heart is failing so fluid builds up in the pulmonic system causing fluid overload and drowning of alveoli
Non cardiogenic - drowning, aspirations, ARDS,
Meds you mihht see for seizures and ones that can stp them
dilantin, tegretol, phenobarbitol
valium, versed, ativan
What are the indicators of sucessful BIAD placement as well as the acronym for BIAD troubleshooting
3 consecutive waveforms and +lung sounds
D - displacement
O-obstruction
P- Pneumo
E - equipment
Explain why alcohol withdrwel happens
Your cells eventually use your inhibatory GABA receptors so after ETOh is taken away, you have an excess of excitatory stimulation( why u see seizures and excited delirum
Criteria for herniation
presense of cushings and 1 0f the following\
- gcs 9 and drops b 2
-postering -blown or enequal pupils
COPD, the two types and what differentiates the two
Chronic bronchitis - infection of brnochi causing increased mucous secretions "blue bloaters'
Emphysema - destruction of alveoli so no gas exchange, "pink puffers", dry cough, barrel chest
What is poliomyelitis
a CONTAGIOUS INFECTION THAT DESTROYS NERVOUS SYSTEM CAUSING PARALYSIS