Exercise Physiology
The sinoatrial node, autonomic nervous system, and hormones such as adrenaline regulate this process, ensuring proper excitation and contraction of the heart.
What is the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle?
This chemical, such as acetylcholine, is released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger depolarization of the muscle membrane and initiate contraction.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal muscle contraction?
This training strategy divides the year into macrocycles, mesocycles, and microcycles to balance workload, recovery, and peak performance while minimizing the risk of overtraining.
What is periodization in training to optimize performance and avoid overtraining and injury?
This performance-enhancing drug increases red blood cell production but can lead to thickened blood, hypertension, blood clots, kidney damage, and a higher risk of strokes, heart attacks, or even sudden death.
What are the harmful effects of long-term use of EPO?
This is used to improve performance by providing objective feedback, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and informing coaching decisions in physical education and sports settings.
What are the reasons for using notational analysis in physical education and sports?
Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate and increases to meet the body's demands during exercise.
What is the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume at rest and during exercise?
This theory describes how myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-bridges, and utilize ATP to slide actin filaments over myosin, shortening the sarcomere during contraction.
What is the sliding filament theory of skeletal muscle contraction?
This process involves the breakdown of nutrients like glucose during cellular respiration, where energy is released as ATP and heat as a byproduct.
What is the relationship between cellular metabolism and the production of heat in the human body?
These substances are used to promote fluid loss but can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, muscle cramps, kidney damage, and cardiac arrhythmias with prolonged use.
What are the harmful effects of long-term use of diuretics?
One focuses on breaking down movement into sequential phases (e.g., preparation, execution, and follow-through), while the other emphasizes measurable outcomes such as speed, accuracy, or distance.
What is the difference between a phase analysis model and a performance outcome model in qualitative biomechanical analysis for an individual sports technique?
This physiological measure of aerobic capacity varies significantly based on age, gender, and fitness levels.
What is the variability of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max) in selected groups?
This biomechanical concept, determined by the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity, is conserved during a gymnast’s mid-air spin.
What is angular momentum in relation to sporting activities?
These adaptations include increased sweat rate, earlier onset of sweating, reduced electrolyte loss, and improved cardiovascular efficiency to enhance heat tolerance.
What are the physiological and metabolic adaptations that occur with heat acclimatization?
This is a recovery method involving low-intensity exercise designed to improve circulation, reduce muscle soreness, and aid in the removal of metabolic waste.
What is the definition of active recovery?
This system can be used to visually represent the sequence of events in a match. It helps track player decisions, ball movement, and team strategies by illustrating pathways, actions, and outcomes. This system provides a clear and organized way to analyze patterns of play and decision-making in invasion games like soccer or basketball
How can a flow chart system be used for match analysis in a team invasion game?
In dynamic exercise, systolic pressure rises while diastolic pressure remains stable; in static exercise, both pressures tend to increase due to sustained muscle contractions.
How do systolic and diastolic blood pressures respond to dynamic and static exercise?
The angle of release, initial velocity, height of release, and air resistance are key factors influencing the trajectory of a javelin.
What are the factors that affect projectile motion at take-off or release?
These risks include hypothermia, frostbite, reduced muscle function, and cold-water immersion shock, which can lead to cardiovascular strain and respiratory distress.
What are the health risks of exercising in the cold, including cold water?
Indicators of recovery include reduced muscle soreness, restored energy levels, improved sleep quality, normalized heart rate and blood pressure, and enhanced performance in subsequent sessions.
What are the indicators of recovery?
GPS trackers are highly effective in sports requiring extensive movement, like soccer or rugby, while video replay is invaluable in sports such as tennis or cricket for analyzing technical skills. However, the cost and accessibility of these technologies can vary, making them more suitable for elite athletes than for grassroots or recreational levels.
How can the use of information technologies in sports analysis be evaluated for different sports contexts?
This measure is higher in weight-bearing activities like running compared to non-weight-bearing ones like cycling, due to differences in muscle recruitment and biomechanics.
What is the variability of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max) with different modes of exercise?
This principle explains how pressure differences over a spinning soccer ball create lift, causing the ball to curve in flight.
What is the Bernoulli principle with respect to projectile motion in sporting activities?
These responses include increased heart rate, elevated core body temperature, dehydration, redistribution of blood flow to the skin, and reduced plasma volume to facilitate thermoregulation.
What are the physiological responses that occur during prolonged exercise in the heat?
Elite athletes often use advanced methods such as whole-body cold exposure in chambers to accelerate recovery, manage inflammation, and handle intense training loads efficiently. Recreational athletes typically rely on simpler approaches, like cold water immersion or the application of ice packs, which are more accessible and provide benefits such as reduced muscle soreness and localized swelling relief.
How is the use of different cold-based recovery methods different for elite and recreational athletes?
Digital technology in sports analysis offers immediate, timely, and objective feedback, making it more efficient for decision-making and performance improvement. Software can be inexpensive, easy to download, and widely accessible, unlike traditional tools such as force platforms, which are often expensive and difficult to obtain. Additionally, digital tools are compact and portable, whereas traditional equipment can be bulky and challenging to transport or store.
The accessibility of data from digital tools allows for easier tracking of progress, monitoring goals, and improving skill acquisition. Furthermore, the availability of feedback enhances talent identification processes, making it easier to recognize and nurture potential in athletes.
What are the advantages of using digital technology compared to traditional tools in sports analysis?