Anxiety
What are the types of anxiety? Describe each of them.
Mild: Normal Anxiety in response to events of day to day living
Moderate: begins to focus on self and need to relieve discomfort
Severe: person can focus on only one particular detail or may shift to focus to many extraneous detail (thinking so much basically makes it worse)
Panic: person becomes unreasonable and irrational; cannot focus on even on details in the environment
Global self esteem: How you like yourself as a whole
Specific Self esteem: How you like a certain part of yourself
Core Self Esteem: your consistent, overall appraisal of yourself → sense of self starts at 6 or 7 then throughout life
Situational Self Esteem: changing how you think of yourself
What is self-concept? What are the 3 components?
the mental image you have of yourself
The physical self, or body image, personal identity, and self esteem
Identify physiological, psychological, and sociocultural factors related to the development of problems of self-perception across the lifespan.
Physiological Factors:
Puberty and Hormonal Changes
Physical Health Conditions
Neurological Conditions
Aging
Psychological Factors:
Early Life Experiences
Mental Health
Coping Strategies
Self-Awareness
Sociocultural Factors:
Social Media and Media Influence
Peer and Social Pressure
Family Dynamics
Economic and Educational Opportunities
Types of physical, psychological, emneshed boundaries. Give examples of each
Physical closeness
Touching
Sexual behavior
Eye contact
Privacy
Pollution
Touching someone who does not want to be touched is an example of an invasion of a physical boundary
Types of psychological boundaries:
Beliefs
Feelings
Choices
Needs
Time alone
Interests
Confidences
Individual differences
Spirituality
Being criticized for doing something differently from others is an example of an invasion of a psychological boundary
Occur when two people’s boundaries are so blended together that neither can be sure where one stops and the other begin
Physical, cognitive, emotional, psychological and sociocultural effects of anxiety
Physiologic: sweating, HR, BP and RR increase, dilated peoples, diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, dry mouth
Emotional: worried, nervous or uneasy, losing control, tense, irritability, snippy, angry outburst,
Cognitive: problems solving decreased
Psychological Factors: Stress, personality traits, past trauma, and cognitive factors,
Sociocultural Factors: social support, cultural norms, economic status and discrimination
What is low self-esteem and what are the examples?
Being harshly criticized
Being yelled at or beaten
Being ignored, ridiculed or teased
Being expected to be “perfect” all the time
Experiencing failure in sports tor school
Low self-esteem can lead to doubt and a lack of self-confidence, impacting mental and emotional well-being.
Healthy and Formation of Self-Concept
Healthy self-concept is the ability to
Know yourself
Love and accept yourself
Be honest with yourself and be true to who you are
Take responsibility for your choices and actions
Formation of self-concept
Starts in infancy
Infant learns physical self different from environment
If basic needs are met child will have a positive feeling of self
Identify four areas for nursing assessment of self-perception.
- Identity:
- Body Image:
-Self-Esteem:
-Role Performance
Role Performance
Role mastery - when behaviors meet social expectations
Role development - socialization into a role
Role ambiguity - person doesn’t know what’s expected in a role and feels inadequate/low self-esteem
Role strain - when a person feels unsuited to a role
Role conflict - opposing/incompatible expectations about a role. (caregiver)
when does anxiety become an issue?
when escalates to a level that interferes with the ability to meet basic needs
Self-Esteem Stressors
Low self-esteem can result from various life events, such as abuse, neglect, or the loss of a career. Chronic illnesses, financial changes, or the loss of social support can also erode self-esteem.
4 Dimensions of Self-Concept
Self-Knowledge: personal identity
Self-Expectation: who or what do I want to be?
Self- Evaluation: how well do I like myself?- the appraisal of oneself in relationship to others, events or situations
Social Self: how do I feel you are perceived by others?- how a person is perceived by others and society. Plays a significant role in growth and development of a person
Body Image. Who is at a risk for low body imagine and what does a negative body image lead to?
It refers to an individual's perception of their physical appearance and their feelings about their own body.
Body image can change throughout life, especially during significant life stages, such as adolescence, where physical and hormonal changes can impact how one perceives their body.
A negative body image can lead to anxiety, lowered self-esteem, and a lack of confidence.
Personal Identity
The moral-ethical self: evaluates who the individual says he or she is
The self-consistency: strives to maintain a stable self-image.
The self-ideal/self-expectancy: an individual’s perception of what he or she wants to be, to do, or to become.
What scale do we use for anxiety
Hamilton Anxiety Assessment Scale
Healthy Self-Esteem
High self-esteem refers to a favorable evaluation of oneself, while low self-esteem indicates an unfavorable view of oneself.
Being praised
Being listened to
Being spoken to respectfully
Getting attention and hugs
Experiencing success in sports or school
Having trustworthy friend
Common Stressors Affecting Self-Concept
Identity Stressors: These include challenges related to one's sense of self, such as gender dysphoria, job loss, divorce, and racial discrimination. These stressors can lead to identity confusion and impact self-concept.
Body Image Stressors: Factors like physical changes during adolescence, aging, or health conditions (e.g., obesity, amputations) can affect how individuals perceive their bodies and thus influence their self-concept.
Self-Esteem Stressors: Low self-esteem can result from various life events, such as abuse, neglect, or the loss of a career. Chronic illnesses, financial changes, or the loss of social support can also erode self-esteem.
Role Performance Stressors: Stressors related to fulfilling social roles, such as role conflict, ambiguity, overload, or strain, can challenge one's self-concept. For example, balancing the demands of work, family, and relationships can lead to role conflict.
Body Image Stressors
Loss of body parts
Loss of body functions
Amputations, mastectomy, facial disfigurement, burns, colostomy, paralysis and impotence
Disfigurement - Facial disfigurement can have a huge impact on someone's body image (scars)
Unrealistic body ideal
Fatigue... related factors
Fatigue is a self-recognized state self-recognized state in which a person experiences an overwhelming, sustained sense of exhaustion and decreased capacity for physical and mental work that is not relieved by rest (autoimmune disease like Lupus is an ex. of an illness that causes fatigue)
Rest before important tasks
Teach energy conservation
Promote socialization
Discuss effects of stress and conflict on energy
Effect on activities: Mood, Leisure, Concentration, Motivation
Related factors: Medical conditions, Nutritional imbalance, Stressors, Depression
What is anxiety? What is the cause? How can we help somebody who is dealing with anxiety?
when escalates to a level that interferes with the ability to meet basic needs
How do you help somebody with low self-esteem? Who is at the highest risk for low self-esteem? How do we determine if somebody likes themselves
- If your self-esteem does not match your ideal self, low self-concept results
- Ask for self-esteem: where would you like to be 5 yrs from now
- How to determine how much an individual likes oneself.
Significance - sense of importance or belonging - do they have support?
Power - ability to influence people and events - power of persuasion
Meaning - sense of being valued and worthwhile
Competence - ability to achieve personal goals
Virtue - adherence to moral or ethical standards
-If your self-esteem does not match your ideal self, low concept results **
-STINKIN THINKIN - consequences of low self esteem
Discuss how self-concept can affect someone’s health.
Mental and Emotional Health: Positive self-concept leads to better mental and emotional well-being, while negative self-concept can contribute to conditions like anxiety and depression.
Physical Health: Self-concept influences health behaviors. Those with a positive self-concept tend to take better care of their physical health.
Body Image: It affects behaviors related to physical appearance and can lead to unhealthy practices or eating disorders.
Stress Response: Positive self-concept aids in coping with stress, while a negative self-concept can result in heightened stress responses.
Social Relationships: Self-concept influences how individuals interact with others and can impact the quality of their social relationships.
Health-Related Decision Making: Self-concept affects decision-making regarding health, which can impact health-related choices.
Recovery and Resilience: A positive self-concept helps individuals better cope with health challenges and engage in recovery efforts.
Erikson’s Stages
Trust vs mistrust (birth to 18 months)
Self-confidence
Autonomy vs shame doubt (18 months -3 years)
Self-confidence
Initiative vs guilt (3 to 6 years)
sense of purpose
Industry vs inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Self-confidence
Identity vs role confusion (12 to 20 Years)
developing independence
Intimacy vs Isolation (20-30 years)
commitment to person/cause
Generativity vs role stagnation (30 to 65 years)
gratification from achievements
Ego Integrity vs despair (65 years to death)
accepting some of life’s goals are achieved and some are not
Stages in Development of Self
Self-awareness (infancy)
Self-recognition (18 months)
Self-definition (3 years)
Self-concept (6–7 years)