Topic 1
What is semantics?
a subfield of linguistics which studies meaning and how expressions convey meanings.
What are the different antonymy relations?
I.Complementary pairs
II.Gradable pairs
III.Reverses
IV.Converses
What is entailment?
A proposition X is true entails that a proposition Y must also be true.
What is metaphor?
Sentences that seem to be anomalous but are understood in terms of a meaningful concept, e.g., Time is money.
What is relative intersection?
The reference of a adjective has to be determined relative to the reference of the noun, such as tall grass.
What is lexical semantics?
This area deals with the meaning of words and other lexical expressions, including the meaning relationships among them.
What is Usage-Based Definition?
When we know a word, we know when it is suitable to use that word in order to convey a particular meaning or grammatical relationship, regardless of the form that our mental representations of word meanings take.
What are propositions?
Sentences that make claims about entities in the world.
What is gradable pairs antonyms?
easy/hard
old/young
love/have
What is hyponym?
A word X is a ____ of a word Y if the set that is the reference of X is always included in the set that is the reference of Y.
What is compositional semantics?
This area is concerned with phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled.
What are the kinds of meaning relationships?
I.Hyponymy
II.Synonymy
III.Antonymy
What are True Conditions?
The conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for some proposition to be true.
What is reverse antonym?
a.expand/ contract
b.ascent/descent
What is converse antonym?
employer/employee
What is sense?
It is a mental representation of its meaning, or a concept. The inherent part of an expression’s meaning that, together with context, determines its referent.
What is complementary pair?
When two terms x, y, and when x generally implies that it isn’t y, then x and y form a ____.
What is symmetric, mutual entailment?
The relation between the 2 sentences:
I tried durian = I have eaten fruit
I have eaten fruit = I have tried durian.
What are the ways how adjectives combine with nouns?
When what combines with what?
Pure intersection
Relative intersections
Non-intersection
What is non-intersection adjective?
An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things, e.g., alleged criminal
What is Reference?
It is an expression’s relationship to the world the real-world. The object designated by a word.
What is Dictionary Style Definitions?
pride: the quality of being proud
proud: feeling or showing pride
What are incompatible propositions?
George Washington is death.
George Washington is alive.
What is the principle of compositionality?
The meanings of multi-word expressions are compositional, their combined meanings are predictable from the meanings of words and their syntactic combinations.
What is a anti-intersection adjective?
An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies. (fake painting)