Topic 1
a subfield of linguistics which studies meaning and how expressions convey meanings
What is semantics?
pride: the quality of being proud
proud: feeling or showing pride
What is Dictionary Style Definitions?
A proposition X is true entails that a proposition Y must also be true.
What is entailment?
Sentences that seem to be anomalous but are understood in terms of a meaningful concept, e.g., Time is money.
What is metaphor?
The reference of a adjective has to be determined relative to the reference of the noun, such as tall grass.
What is relative intersection?
This area deals with the meaning of words and other lexical expressions, including the meaning relationships among them.
What is lexical semantics?
When two terms x, y, and when x generally implies that it isn’t y, then x and y form a ____.
What is complementary pair?
Sentences that make claims about entities in the world.
What are propositions?
leasy/hard
lold/young
llove/have
What is gradable pairs antonyms?
A word X is a ____ of a word Y if the set that is the reference of X is always included in the set that is the reference of Y.
What is hyponym?
This area is concerned with phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled.
What is compositional semantics?
I.Complementary pairs
II.Gradable pairs
III.Reverses
IV.Converses
What are the different antonymy relations?
The conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for some proposition to be true.
What are True Conditions?
a.expand/ contract
b.ascent/descent
What is reverse antonym?
employer/employee
What is converse antonym?
It is a mental representation of its meaning, or a concept. The inherent part of an expression’s meaning that, together with context, determines its referent.
What is sense?
When we know a word, we know when it is suitable to use that word in order to convey a particular meaning or grammatical relationship, regardless of the form that our mental representations of word meanings take.
What is Usage-Based Definition?
The relation between the 2 sentences:
•I tried durian = I have eaten fruit
•I have eaten fruit = I have tried durian.
What is symmetric, mutual entailment?
When what combines with what?
Pure intersection
Relative intersections
Non-intersection
What are the ways how adjectives combine with nouns?
An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things, e.g., alleged criminal
What is non-intersection adjective?
It is an expression’s relationship to the world the real-world. The object designated by a word.
What is Reference?
I.Hyponymy
II.Synonymy
III.Antonymy
What are the kinds of meaning relationships?
George Washington is death.
George Washington is alive.
What are incompatible propositions?
The meanings of multi-word expressions are compositional, their combined meanings are predictable from the meanings of words and their syntactic combinations.
What is the principle of compositionality?
An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies. (fake painting)
What is a anti-intersection adjective?