Major Civilizations
Who and when was the Hausa Kingdoms conquered by?
Sunni Caliphate; 19th century
What is Pax Mongolica?
A period of stability and safety across Eurasia under the Mongol Empire
What was the divine right of kings?
A political idea of absolute monarchy(don't have to believe in God)
This term describes combining different religions to make something new
Syncretism
This is the name for the sultan's mom
Valide Sultan
This European power used the encomienda system to control Indigenous labor and had peninsulares as the highest social class
Spain
This migration brought unique crops, domestic animals, and language to the Pacific
Polynesian Migration
This system elected government officials based on exams rather than birth
Civil service exam
This belief is a mix of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas to become more spiritual
Neo-Confucianism
Describe the relationship between serfs and lords in Europe
The serf's work funds the lord and in exchange, the lord gives protection from enemies and help in resolving conflict
What two things did the Qing do to persecute the Han?
Banning intermarriage - The people of the Han and Qing Dynasty couldn't marry one another
Queue order - all men from Han Dynasty had to have a queue hairstyle or else they could die
Name 3 flourishing trade posts
Java, Malaysia, and Oman
How did the Ottoman Empire recruit Christian boys, convert them, and train them for military service?
Devshirme practice
What did Portugal send to keep Christianity?
Weapons and soldiers
What could high class women do/own in the Ottoman Empire?
Own property, approach the judicial on their own, and be educated in religion/scholar
How did Peter I of Russia westernize Russia?
Makes the capital St. Petersburg(port cities) and restructures the government.
1. absolutist government
2. a member senate = collect tax
3. redivide provinces
4. replace the local government with a monarch + senate
5. nobles are the core of the government/army
How were Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo similar?
They both wrote stories about their travel and judged other cultures based on their religious beliefs
How did feudalism help maintain political power in medieval Europe and Japan?
By creating a system where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service between the lords and vassals
What are the 5 pillars of Islam and describe each
1. Shahadan: belief in one god; Muhammad = prophet
2. Salat: pray 5 times a day ONLY to Allah
3. Zakat: 2.5% of income to charity
4. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Fasting: sunrise to sunset = fast, Ramadan
Why was there animosity between the clergy and peasants?
Clergy: They didn't have to do manual labor or pay taxes, but still made money
Peasants: They had to do all the manual labor, barely made any money (if any at all), and paid taxes
Compare and contrast the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empire
Similarities: used gunpowder weapons to expand and maintain their empires, had centralized rulers (sultans, shahs, emperor), and political authority was connected to religion
Differences:
Ottoman: Sunni Islam - the leader should be chosen by the community; tolerant
Safavid: Shia Islam - the leader should be a descendent of Muhammad; less tolerant
Mughal: Muslim-ruled empire governing a largely Hindu population; tolerant under Akbar
What was the Silk Road and what goods were transported?
A trade network that connected China, the Middle East, and Europe. Silk and spices
How did the Song differ from Tang in governance?
Song Dynasty: Neo-Confucianism and strong centralized bureaucracy
Tang Dynasty: military/territorial expansion, tribute system
Who translates the Bible into German and who was he?
Martin Luther, he was a Catholic monk
How did the social status of merchants and peasants differ in Europe and Japan?
Europe: Merchants were above peasants because they could go out and make money/see the world
Japan: Peasants were above merchants because they did their own work which allowed them to get money/land. Merchants were seen as dependent because they relied on selling their things to others for money