Biology
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors?
Primary succession is when an ecosystem that did not exist is created from bare rock.
Secondary succession is when a previously existing ecosystem is destroyed by natural or human causes, and is redeveloped into a habitat/ecosystem.
What is Chemistry?
List 3 characteristics of metals and nonmetals
Chemistry is the study of matter and changes in matter.
Metal: Elements that are usually solids at room temperature and conduct electricity. They are also malleable.
Non-Metal: Elements that are brittle and do not conduct electricity.
What is the difference between:
- conductors / insulators / resistors
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Which side of the battery do electrons flow from?
Conductor = allows electricity to pass through
Insulator = completely stops an electrical flow
Resistors = makes it difficult for electricity to flow through
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Electrons flow from the negative side
Who first prposed that each energy level has a specific amount of energy it can hold, and what is the theory called?
Niels Bohr, Atomic Model
Explain the Nitrogen Cycle
denitrifying bacteria is released into the atmosphere.
Lightning in the atmosphere creates nitrates, nitrites, and anomia.
The nitrogen in the atmosphere enters the enter soil ecosystem ( by dead organisms or animal wastes) where nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria.
The nitrogen-fixing bacteria is either uptaken by plants or released back into the atmosphere (denitrifying bacteria).
What is the difference between :
- Elements/Compounds
- Homogeneous/Heterogenous mixtures
Elements = made out of 1 kind of particle
Compounds = are made out of 2 or more elements
Homogeneous = a mixture where the composition is uniform.
Heterogenous = a mixture where the composition is not uniform.
Define the following terms and how they are measured:
- Voltage
- Current
- Ohm’s law
- Resistance
Voltage - the force that pushes an electrical current [volts - V]
Current - the rate of electron flow [amperes or amps - A]
Ohm's law - the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points
Resistance - is what determines how much current can flow [ohms - Ω]
What are heterotrophs, autotrophs, and detrivores and what do they do?
What is the difference between Terrestrial and Aquatic ecosystems?
Heterotrophs (consumers)= organisms that cannot make their own food and rely on other organisms like plants and animals for food.
(ex : animals and humans )
Autotrophs (producers) = organisms that can make their own food.
(ex : Plants )
Detrivores (decomposers ) = organisms that break down chemicals from producers into simpler forms so that they can be reused.
(ex: fungi, bacteria )
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Terrestrial ecosystem = based mostly on land (ex: forest, desert )
Aquatic ecosystem = based mostly in water ( ex : coral reef, ocean, pond )
These ecosystems are closely linked.
What is the Greenhouse effect?
The Greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when the gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat.
Non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burned and transformed into energy.
Since these fossil fuels store CO2 within them, they release carbon into the atmosphere when burned.
This has led to a gradual change in the Earth's temperature and contributed to climate change.
Identify the major group names and group # of the periodic table.
Draw a neat Bohr-Rutherford diagram for given elements using the periodic table.
- boron
- chlorine
1. alkali metals
2. alkaline earth metals
3. transition metals
4. metalloids
5. nonmetals
6. Halogens
7. noble gases
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Diagram
1. The number of lamps or component in a circuit
2. The resistance of each component in a circuit
3. The numbre of cells (e.g. batteries) in a circuit
draw and label an energy pyramid (biology)
CORRECT
Define the following terms :
- Corrosion
- Invasive Species
- Biodiversity
- Biomass
- Sustainability
Invasive Species = when a species is brought away from the native habitat and brought into a new habitat.
Biodiversity = is the variety of life on this. This includes the diversity between species, plants, and ecosystems.
Biomass = the mass of living organisms in a given area.
Sustainability = occurs when an ecosystem's species and organisms remain relatively the same.
Draw a diagram of the changing states in matter and/or explain it.
What is the particle theory of matter?
explain the difference between kinetic and potential energy.
Diagram
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1. Particles are always moving.
2. All particles in a pure substance are the same.
3. All particles have space between them.
4. adding heat makes particles move faster.
5. All mater is made up of tiny particles.
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kinetic energy is energy that is present and moving/"at work" (ex:walking, running)
Potential energy is energy "stored in an object. (ex: sitting down, sleeping)
Compare and describe the differences in the brightness of bulbs in series vs. parallel circuits.
Explain what happens if one bulb fuses in each of the circuits.
Series :
one bulb - receives all volts --> bulb is as bright as it can be
more than one bulb - volts received are divided --> bulbs are not that bright
Parallel:
All bulbs recieve the same amount of volts because there are multiple paths between the load and the power source.
If one bulb fuses in a series circuit then the rest will also fuse this is because there is only one path in the circuit.
If one bulb fuses in a parallel circuit the rest of the bulbs will continue to function properly.
Name and explain the 6 types of energy.
Give an example of an energy transformation.
1. Radiant energy = energy that travels in waves ( visible light or x - rays ).
2. Chemical energy = energy stored in bonds of atoms and molecules, (released when heated).
3. Mechanical energy = Energy that moves an object.
4. Thermal energy = Energy from the movement of particles ( when heat is created ).
5. Nuclear energy = Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom ( released when nuclei are combined or split ).
6. Electrical energy - Energy delivered by electrons ( usually delivered through wires ).
EX: electrical cars have electrical energy but when they move it turns into mechanical energy.
Describe cellular respiration.
Describe photosynthesis.
Define what an ecological niche is.
Cellular respiration is the process in which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell function.
It is when an organism takes in glucose(sugar) + oxygen and then releases CO2 + water + energy
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Photosynthesis is the process in which a plant transforms light energy into chemical energy.
plant takes in water and CO2.
Through light energy the plant takes out sugar (glucose) and oxygen.
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An ecological niche is used to describe the role an organism plays in its community.
Classify the given elements/compounds/materials as insulators or conductors.
- magnesium
- sulfur
- helium
- copper
- chlorine
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Using the periodic table, calculate the # of p, e, n, atomic #, and atomic mass in rhodium (RH).
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What are the elements of this formula and how many atoms are in each element?
NaCl
- magnesium - conductor
- sulfur = insulator
- helium = insulator
- copper = conductor
- chlorine = insulator
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p = 45
n = 57.9
e = 45
atomic # = 45 and atomic mass = 102.9
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1 sodium 1 chloride
How is resistance affected by the area of the wire? (wide/narrow cables) Explain.
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Determine the current for a small oven with resistance 20 Ω when the potential difference across it is 220 V.
Wider cables have more space for electrons to flow. This results in fewer collisions and a greater electrical current. Narrow cables have less room for electrons to flow and will have more collisions and less of a current.
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I = V/R
= 220/20
= 11 A
There is 15.1 mL of water in a graduated cylinder. A copper bar with a mass of 27.2 g is put into the graduated cylinder, and the volume becomes 18.3mL. Calculate the density of the copper bar.
Volume --> 18.3 - 15.1 = 3.2 mL
Mass --> 27.2 g
Density = mass/volume
= 27.2g/3.2mL
= 8.5 g/mL