Enlightenment Thinkers and Ideas
Which Enlightenment thinker is especially known for his position on the Freedoms of Speech and Religion?
Voltaire
Who mostly authored the US Constitution?
James Madison
What are the four phases (including the new emperor) of the French Revolution in order?
1. Moderate Phase (with the king)
2. Radical Phase (Reign of Terror)
3. The Directory (military dictatorship)
4. Napoleon
What is the name of the leader of the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L'Overture (a.k.a Toussaint Breda or Francois-Dominique Toussaint Louverture)
2. What part of La Casta was he part of?
1. Simon Bolivar
2. He was a "criollo" or "creole."
What was the Baron de Montesquieu's key idea?
The separation of government into three pieces: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
What did the Declaration of Independence do (besides declaring independence)?
It justified the revolution using Enlightenment thought.
- or -
It justified the revolution by providing a list of grievances against the British King and government.
Who was the Radical leader who headed "The Mountain" and used his power to conduct bloody purges against people who did not support him?
Maximillian Robespierre
Why did the United States not recognize the existence of Haiti until after the US Civil War?
Americans were deeply concerned that knowledge of a successful black revolution would inspire revolts across the US South.
1. What is "El Grito"?
2. Why are there so many versions of it?
1. It was the independence speech given by Fr. Morelos in (Dolores) Mexico.
2. It was given multiple times and there are no surviving written copies.
2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Thomas Hobbes; John Locke
What is the name of the Enlightenment document that was added onto the US Constitution and what is one thing that it guarantees to the American people?
The Bill of Rights:
-Freedom of Speech, Religion, Assembly, Press
-Right to bear arms
-legal protections (double jeopardy, right to a lawyer, etc.)
-Protection from military encroachment
-Others
Broadly, what did the Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code) do in Europe?
It created new, unified European laws that were based (mostly) on logic, reason, and Enlightenment ideas.
- or -
It replaced old, local laws with modern, country-wide laws - mostly based on Enlightenment thought.
What is one disease that allowed the Haitians to defeat the French, securing their independence?
1. Yellow Fever
2. Malaria
What are the six basic levels of "La Casta" in order?
1. Peninsulares (whites born in Spain)
2. Criollos (whites born in Americas)
3. Mestizos (mix of native and white)
4. Mulattos (mix of black and white)
5. Natives
6. Blacks (Free > Enslaved)
What is the Scottish Enlightenment thinker Adam Smith known for?
The "invisible hand of the market" idea is that the market will naturally regulate itself, and that limited or no gov't intervention is needed.
Which four major European countries were involved in the American Revolution?
1. Britain (the United Kingdom; England)
2. France
3. The Netherlands (the Dutch; Holland)
4. Spain
What is the full name of the Enlightenment-style document created after the Tennis Court Oath?
Bonus points if you can guess which American consulted on the document. I will take only one name here.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bonus: Thomas Jefferson
Why did France demand payment from Haiti after the revolution?
It was restitution for lost property:
- plantations
- enslaved workers
- sugar crops
How was Napoleon involved in the independence movements in Latin America?
Criollos were violently opposed to the Enlightenment ideas that Napoleon forced upon Spain when he conquered it, and fought against the new Spanish gov't.
What is the German Enlightenment thinker Immanuel Kant known for?
He is known for the idea of "empiricism" - that everything can and should be logically explained.
He advocated logic in all things.
Who was the influential Enlightenment pamphleteer who helped stir up revolution in the American colonies and what was his pamphlet called?
1. Thomas Paine
2. Common Sense
What were the goals of each of the three main revolutionary groups?
Moderates: Wanted to prove that France could share power between a monarch and a legislative body, with certain Enlightenment-based changes.
Conservatives: Wanted a constitution to prevent absolute monarchy; otherwise no significant changes.
Radicals: Wanted to eliminate the monarchy, and wanted a complete overhaul to all of France.
What did Haiti do to itself immediately after winning independence that set itself back as a functional country? (There are two answers that I'd take here)
1. Haiti split itself into three smaller countries.
2. Haiti invaded Santo Domingo to help the people rebel against Spain.
Why did Gran Colombia fail? Give me three reasons.
1. All of the power was focused around Simon Bolivar, who wasn't always interested in ruling.
2. The three major regions (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador) squabbled constantly.
3. Geography (Andes Mountains) made governing extremely difficult.
4. GC lost a war to Peru, shaking Ecuador & Venezuela's faith in GC and Bolivar.