Mixtures and Solutions
Another name for a solution is a __________.
homogeneous mixture
What type of energy is stored in the bonds of a substance?
chemical potential energy
Rate is decreased
What is necessary for equilibrium to take place?
reversible reaction
In chemistry, what does the use of square brackets signify?
molar concentration (M)
If the change in a system's free energy is positive, the reaction is ___________________.
non-spontaneous
When concentration decreases, equilibrium shifts to the ____________ side of the equation.
same
What is a dispersion medium?
the most abundant substance in a colloid
When ΔH is positive, the reaction is __________.
endothermic
How does increased temperature affect the rate of reaction?
rate increases
What principle describes how an equilibrium system shifts in response to stress, and what are those stresses?
LeChatelier's Principle
temperature
pressure (volume)
concentration
What is the unit on reaction rate?
mol/ L·s
Does entropy increase or decrease when a substance dissolves?
increase
When pressure increases, the equilibrium shifts to the side with ___________ moles.
When temperature decreases, the equilibrium shifts to the ____________ side.
fewer
exothermic
What is molarity?
The number of moles dissolved per liter of solution
What does the molar heat of vaporization refer to?
The amount of energy it takes to evaporate one mole of a substance?
The rate of a chemical reaction can be described by the rate at which products __________ and reactants ________.
products form and reactants are consumed
Only this state of matter is used to write equilibrium expressions
gas
What is the order of the reaction when the rate law is:
Rate=k[A]3
Third order
Define energy
the ability to do work or produce heat
The Qsp can be compared to the Ksp to determine whether a _________ will be formed when two solutions are mixed
Precipitate
How would you make the boiling point of a solution increase?
Add more solute
If you were to touch the flask in which an endothermic reaction were occurring, it would feel _________.
it would feel colder than before the reaction started
How do catalyst increase the rate of chemical reaction?
Catalysts lower the activation energy.
A small value for Keq means that _______ are favored at equilibrium.
reactants
What three pieces of information are necessary to calculate the instantaneous rate?
rate law
specific rate constant (k)
concentration of the reactants (M)
Define heat
energy that is in the process of flowing from a warmer object to a cooler object
What is the common ion effect?
When there is a common ion, the solubility of the substance decreases.
What is the formula used to calculate percent by volume?
volume of solute/volume of solution x 100
What is the standard enthalpy assigned to all elements in their standard state?
0.0 kJ
Average rate is determined by
difference in quantity of products or reactants divided by the difference in time
What does the law of chemical equilibrium state?
At a given temperature, a chemical system may reach a state in which a particular ratio of reactant and product concentration has a constant value.
What does the collision theory state?
In order to react, particles in a chemical reaction must collide in a correct orientation with sufficient energy to form the activated complex.
Define specific heat
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that substance 1 degree C
How do you write a Ksp?
Solubility constant expression is written as the product of the concentration of the ions each raised to the power equal to the coefficient of the ion in the chemical equation.