Blood & Cardiovascular
What blood cells carry oxygen?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
What muscle is mainly responsible for breathing?
Diaphragm
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system?
Hormones
Which type of immunity includes skin and inflammation?
Innate immunity
What is the first step of urine formation?
Filtration
What blood component helps form clots?
Platelets
What tiny air sacs allow gas exchange?
Alveoli
Which gland controls metabolism?
Thyroid gland
Which cells produce antibodies?
B cells
Which organs produce sperm and testosterone?
Testes
What is the final step of hemostasis called?
Coagulation
Which alveolar cells produce surfactant?
Type II cells
Which hormone lowers blood sugar?
Insulin
Which hormone stimulates stomach activity?
Gastrin
What fetal structure allows blood to move from the right atrium to the left atrium?
Foramen ovale
What heart sound occurs when the semilunar valves close?
Dub (S2)
What happens to pressure in the lungs when volume increases?
Pressure decreases
What type of hormone is lipid-soluble and can enter cells?
Steroid hormones
Which digestive layer is responsible for motility?
Muscularis externa
During which trimester does organogenesis occur?
First trimester
What form carries about 70% of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
What type of epithelium lines the conducting zone?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What second messenger is commonly used by amino acid hormones?
cAMP
Which hormone helps neutralize acid in the small intestine?
Secretin
Which urine formation step adds extra wastes and ions into the nephron?
Secretion