Psychology
Developmental norms are...
The average age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.
Three functions of the human nervous system
Receive sensory stimuli from environment
Process stimuli to understand environment
Initiates response to stimuli
Treatment recommendation for bacterial infection due to Staphylococcus aureus.
Antibiotics.
Causes damage that will impact replication of bacteria.
Types of waves
Transverse wave
- light wave
- Crest; amplitude; trough; wavelength
Longitudinal wave
- sound wave
- Wavelength; amplitude; compression; rarefraction
Cation and anion
Cation
- Positively charged
- Metal
- Lost electron
Anion
- Negatively charged
- Non-metal
- Gained electron
The four stages of development
Physical, social, emotional, cognitive
Contrast the central nervous system (CNS) vs the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- consists of the brain and spinal cord
- the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
Outline the difference between antibodies and antibiotics
Antibodies
- Produced by b-cells
- Unique
- Attach to foreign invader (recognise antigen)
Antibodies
- Medication used to treat bacterial infection only
Wave equation
Speed = frequency x wavelength
As frequency increases wavelength decreases
Ionic bonding
Write the formula for the compound formed between
Al3+ and SO42-
Transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal atoms
Al2(SO4)3
Describe each stage of development
Physical: domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Emotional: The development of the full range of emotions and the optimal way of dealing with and expressing them
Social: the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
Cognitive: the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
Structure and function of a neuron.
How is the message communicated?
Dendrite - receive message
Soma/Cell body - Contains nucleus/nutrition to keep neuron alive
Axon - carries neural impulse away from soma towards axon terminal
Myelin sheath - Fatty tissue surrounding axon. Protects and speeds up neural transmission
Axon terminal - branches at end of axon that release neurotransmitters
Message transformed from electrical to chemical
1. Active natural immunity
2. Active artificial immunity
3. Passive natural immunity
4. Passive artificial immunity
1. Naturally acquired due to infection.
- Pathogen exposure, activation of third line of defence
- Production of memory b-cells
2. Vaccination
- Cause immune system to act as though encountered exposure to pathogen
3. Receiving antibodies
- Pass via placenta or breast milk
- No memory cells produced
4. Receiving antibodies pre-formed
- Injected into body
- No memory cells produced
A wave hitting the shore at beach every 25 seconds.
If there is 3 metres between each wave calculate the speed of the waves.
1. Determine frequency
f=1/25sec = 0.04
2. velocity = frequency x wavelength
0.04 x 3 =
3. v = 0.12m/s
Macromolecule testing
Carbohydrate; protein; lipid
Benedict test - Simple sugar (monosaccharide; glucose)
Positive result - blue to green, orange, red
Iodine test - Complex sugar (polysaccharide; starch)
Positive result - colour change from brown to dark blue
Sudan test - Lipids
Positive result - double layer formed on surface
- Red layer 'floats'
Biuret test - Protein
- Positive result from blue to violet
Distinguish between the terms nature vs nurture.
Heredity vs. Environment
Types of neurons and their function
Sensory neuron - carries sensory information from internal/external environment. Information travels from receptor site to interneurons in CNS
Interneuron - Receive sensory message from sensory neuron. Passes message to motor neurons. Most common type of neuron
Motor neuron - Carries motor message (to initiate response) from CNS to muscles in body.
The regulation of glucose in the human body
Regulated through negative feedback loop
1. Stimulus: Eating a donut
- blood glucose levels rise
2. Beta cells in pancreas release insulin into blood
- insulin is a hormone
3. Stimulates liver to take up glucose and store as glycogen/body cells take up more glucose
4. Blood glucose levels fall
5. Homeostasis maintained (blood glucose levels at optimal level)
*Reverse
Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into bloodstream
Glucogon stimulates liver to break down glucose into glucose to release into bloodstream
- Change in direction known as refraction
1. Light waves traveling from less dense to more dense (i.e air to glass) will bend towards the normal
2. Light waves traveling from more dense to less dense (i.e glass to air) will bend away from the normal
Name the following:
NaCl
FeCl2
BaSO4
Sodium chloride
Iron chloride
Barium sulphate
Identify the lifespan stage a 5 year old is in.
Contrast this with the lifespan stage of a 45 year old.
Describe the differences between stages in terms of development
Childhood
Unable to regulate emotions; developing social skills
Middle age
Emotional regulation; social interactions
The purpose and process of a reflex action.
Reflex action is an automatic response (initiated in spinal cord).
1. Sensory neuron carries message to spinal cord (hot pan)
2. Interneurons in spinal cord relay message to motor neurons
3. Motor neurons carry message to muscles (causing reflex/response i.e moving hand away from pan)
4. While reflex occurs message passed from spinal cord to brain
5. Message received and interpreted by pain as pain in hand - after reflex action
5 Structures and functions of the eye
Sclera - White outer covering of eye protecting from damage
Cornea - Transparent tissue that bends light as it enters eye
Aqueous humour - Fluid maintaining shape
Iris - Coloured ring of muscle, involved in maintaining light entering eye
Ciliary muscle - Muscle attached to lens; helpds change lens shape
Optic nerve - Bundle of nerves carrying neural impulse from eye to brain
Balance the following equations
- Na + H2O --> NaOH + H2
- CaCO3 (s) + NaOH (sq) --> Na2CO3 (s) + CaOH
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) --> 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
CaCO3 (s) + 2NaOH (sq) --> Na2CO3 (s) + Ca(OH)2