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The son of Portugal’s king. __________ dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415
Prince Henry
Earth-centered view of the universe
Geocentric Theory
Sun-centered view of the universe
Heliocentric Theory
Lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold and silver, _______________ carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States
Conquistadors
The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America was known as the
Middle Passage
Rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside.From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the ___________ rolled through France.
Great Fear
Over one trade route, Europeans transported manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa. There, traders exchanged these goods for captured Africans. The Africans were then trans- ported across the Atlantic and sold in the West Indies. Merchants brought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with these products
Triangular Trade
To escape such a bleak life, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler. In exchange, they gained law and order.
Social Contract
Most of the people involved in the governmental changes in September 1792 were members of a radical political organization
Jacobins
In time, the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas — known as the
Atlantic Slave Trade
Voyager from Spain in 1492. Instead of sailing south around Africa and then east, he sailed west across the Atlantic in search of an alternate trade route to Asia
Christopher Columbus
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
Enlightenment
In July 1793, Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety. For the next year, Robespierre governed France virtually as a dictator, and the period of his rule became known as the
Reign of Terror
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. It begins with a problem or question arising from an observation. Scientists next form a hypothesis, or unproved assumption. The hypothesis is then tested in an experiment or on the basis of data. In the final step, scientists analyze and interpret their data to reach a new conclusion. That conclusion either confirms or disproves the hypothesis.
Scientific Method
Beginning in the mid 1500s, a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. As these scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, they launched a change in European thought that historians call the
Scientific Revolution
During the 1770s and 1780s, France’s government sank deeply into debt. Part of the problem was the extravagant spending of
Louis XVI
The Third Estate delegates name themselves the _________ and pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people
National Assembly
He began exploring the east African coast. In 1498, he reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India.
Vasco de Gama
He helped to bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion.
Isaac Newton
In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed ______________, in which they agreed to honor the line.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Most philosophes believed that reason, science, and art would improve life for all people. He, however, argued that civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,” he wrote
Rousseau
This Italian young man learned that a Dutch lens maker had built an instrument that could enlarge far-off objects. He built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609. He published a small book called Starry Messenger, which described his astonishing observations.
Galileo Galilei
He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. As reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society.
John Locke
During the 1700s, other women picked up these themes. Among the most persuasive was ____________ , who published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.
Mary Wollstonecraft
She ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796. The well- educated empress read the works of philosophes, and she exchanged many letters with Voltaire. She ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia.
Catherine the Great