Cell Structures and Processes
Mitosis
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Transcription & Translation
Heredity
Evolution A
Evolution B
100
What is a stem cell?
A cell that has the potential to become almost any cell type.
100
What is the purpose of MITOSIS?
To produce two identical daughter cells.
100
Two similar chromosomes that you inherit from your parents
Homologous chromosomes
100
If two plants are crossed type A and type B, the resulting offspring have DNA that is half type A and half type B. Why?
Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring.
100
A codon is made up of how many nucleotides?
3
Ex. AUG
100
TT, Tt, and tt represent the alleles inherited. These are known as the ___________.
genotype
100
Homologous structures such as forelimbs in humans, bats and dolphins are evidence that they...?
Share a common ancestor
100
After many generations bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. What caused this adaptation?
Natural selection: Gene variations in some bacteria allowed some to survive and reproduce, spreading the resistant gene.
200
What is the main function of spindle fibers?
To separate chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis.
200
During what phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle?
Metaphase
200
Sister chromatids
200
Daily DOUBLE:
Two pea plants were both grown from green peas. The offspring produce green, yellow and white peas. What could have caused the differences between the parent and offspring.
Sexual reproduction has produced new combinations of alleles
200
Translate this mRNA sequence:
AAAUAUCAC
lys-tyr-his
200
If you have a homozygous dominant plant and a heterozygous plant which phenotype will be displayed, why?
Dominant: purple
Recessive: white
Purple, because there is a dominant trait present in both plants.
200
You spray your yard with RoundUp. 99% of the weeds in the grass die. What is the best explanation for why 1% survived?
Genetic variations that provided protection.
200
In a population, natural selection acts on what kind of traits?
heritable
300
Humans have X and Y chromosomes that determine gender. What is the genotype for a human MALE?
XY
300
Following mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are genetically (identical or different)?
Identical
300
Cells that have two full sets of chromosomes are known as ___________, while cells like gametes that have a single set of chromosomes are known as ________.
diploid, haploid
300
If two heterozygous plants (Gg) are crossed. What is the most common genotype for the offspring.
Gg
300
True or False: DNA can leave the nucleus
False
300
A ___________ trait will only be seen in the homozygous state.
recessive
300
Darwin's finches developed different beak shapes based on the food source available in the habitat. This is an example of ....?
variation
300
Since the industrial revolution peppered moths have gradually become darker. Why?
Darker moths blend in with trees covered in soot and carbon, leaving the lighter moths to be eaten.
400
The cell processes of transcription and translation follow a pattern. What is the final step in the series?
DNA--->mRNA---> ?
Protein
400
While running you fall and scrape your knee. What process will your skin cells perform to repair themselves?
MITOSIS
400
Genes that are located on sex chromosomes are called
Sex-linked
400
A mutation occurs on Chromosome 5. This mutation will only be passed along if it is in a gamete that is...
fertilized
400
The gene for muscular dystrophy is an recessive gene (f) and the gene that does not have MS is dominant (F). A woman who is homozygous dominant has children with a man who is heterozygous. What percentage of their children will have muscular dystrophy?
0%
400
What is the normal human genotype for:
Male: _____
Female: _____
Male: XY
Female: XX
400
Because humans frequently prescribe antibiotics, over time bacteria have become resistant. Why?
The antibiotics kill off the weaker bacteria leaving only the resistant bacteria to reproduce.
400
An isolated population of rats go through 200 generations without any immigration but genetic variation is increasing. Why?
Random mutations occur in each generation (genetic drift)
500
If all cells begin as stem cells, why can't a skin cell become a nerve cell?
Each cell only uses particular parts of the DNA that are specific to each cell type.
500
A cell that began with 4 chromosomes goes through MITOSIS. How many chromosomes will each of the daughter cells have?
4, Mitosis creates IDENTICAL copies of the cell.
500
Cells that skip check points and divide uncontrollably are known as ______________ which eventually form masses of irregular cells known as _________.
Cancer cells, tumors
500
A cell begins with 4 chromosomes and goes through MEIOSIS. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
2 chromosomes, MEIOSIS creates genetic diversity!
500
Daily DOUBLE:
The Irish potato famine was caused by a fungus that decimated potato crops in the 1840's. This potato population was most likely vulnerable to infection due to the lack of ...?
genetic variation
500
Proteins are made of a chain of ______ _______, held together by _________ bonds.
amino acids, peptide
500
An agave plant is introduced into a new habitat. This plant is used to receiving 5cm of rain weekly. The new climate only receives 2cm of rain per week. What adaptation must occur for this agave plant to survive?
It must become tolerant to decreased water.
500
During a hurricane a species of bees loses 90% of it's population. This is a (directional, random or specific) shift in allele frequency?
Random
600
The process that makes an exact copy of a cell's DNA
replication
600
During interphase, what vital process happens?
a cell grows, duplicates organelles and copies DNA
600
When a cell is not dividing, the DNA that is protected inside the nucleus is loose and looks like spaghetti. When DNA is in this form it is called ________.
Chromatin
600
The 4 daughter cells produced during meiosis are genetically __________ because crossing over happened during prophase I.
different
600
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
600
If a disease is X-linked recessive, would the carrier have to be male or female, why?
Female (XX), because females have two X chromosomes. So there is a possibility that they could have a dominant trait to silence the recessive disease.
Males (XY) only have one X chromosome, so if the trait is inherited it will be expressed (seen).
600
Structures such as ostrich wings and the human appendix are considered ________ structures because they no longer serve their intended purpose.
vestigial
600
Organisims that evolve in response to one another are considered to be experiencing _____________.
coevolution