The fortified hilltop where discussions about government took place in a city-state
100
Who was given the title ‘Augustus’?
Octavian
100
What is a phalanx?
military formation that involved foot soldiers standing side by side with spears in their hands
100
Define Civil War
conflict between two groups in the same country
100
Who created the Council of 500 in Athens?
Cleisthenes
200
How is an aristocracy different from an oligarchy?
An aristocracy is ruled by a small group of noble, landowners while an oligarchy is a group of powerful people who rose to power because they were unhappy with aristocratic rule
200
Why was Julius Caesar a threat?
His popularity and influence were growing in Rome and that threatened some Senators
200
What led to the Peloponnesian War?
Hostility grew between Athens and Sparta, and they both encouraged war, both expecting to win
200
What military problem took place during the Fall of the Roman Republic?
Landless soldiers began fighting for pay, and pledged allegiance to individual commanders, instead of the Republic. This allowed a military commander to take control
200
What did Constantine do to strengthen the capital of the Roman Empire?
He moved it east to Byzantium and it was later renamed Constantinople
300
The aristocratic branch of Rome’s government was the ______
The Senate
300
Who could work as a civil servant under Augustus?
Plebeians & Slaves
300
What was NOT a reason for the Punic Wars?
**Carthage desperately needed to trade with Rome
**Rome wanted to conquer new land in Carthage
**Carthage had a practice of sacrificing their children
**Rome wanted to avenge Carthage for invading Rome
**Carthage desperately needed to trade with Rome
300
What economic problem did farmers face during the Fall of the Roman Republic?
They couldn’t compete with large estates run by slaves, who worked for free
300
How did Draco reform the legal code of Athens?
He developed a code that stated all Athenians, rich or poor, were equal under the law
400
Define Tyrant and explain how Ancient tyrants were different from our idea of tyrant today.
Ancient tyrants were powerful people who gained control by appealing to common people and were respected as leaders; today we believe tyrants to be harsh and cruel.
400
State Pericles’ 3 goals for Athens
1) Strengthen Democracy
2) Strengthen military
3) Glorify Athens
400
Why led to the Persian Wars?
Persia attacked Ionia, and Athens came to their aid. Persian King Darius the Great took revenge on Athens by sending ships
400
What economic problems took place during the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
The empire lacked new sources of gold and silver, so the government raised taxes and made money with less silver, this caused inflation
400
What did Diocletian do to better manage the Roman Empire?
He divided the empire into East and West as it was too large for one emperor to manage
500
What is the difference between direct and representative democracy. What type of democracy existed in Greece?
Direct – people make decisions that directly affect government policy
Representative – people choose reps to make decisions on their behalf.
Greece had a direct democracy
500
Describe Plato’s opinion of Democracy
He was critical of democracy and believed it caused unqualified people to rise to power; he believed a philosopher-king should be the ruler as he has political knowledge
500
What caused Athens to lose its independence to Philip II?
Greeks didn’t listen to Demosthenes advice regarding Philip and they couldn’t agree on a common policy to fight Philip II
500
What military problems took place during the Fall of the Roman Empire?
Loyalty in the military decreased, which caused the government to recruit mercenaries.
500
What were two major reforms made by Julius Caesar once he became dictator?
He granted citizenship to more people
expanded membership in the senate
helped the poor by creating jobs
created colonies so people without land could own properties
increased pay for soldiers