Sensation and Perception I & II
Perceptual Organization
Is memory a unitary phenomenon?
The Modal Model
LTM/Encoding
100
Detection and discrimination are _______ approaches for measuring perception. What is the difference between them?
psychophysical; detection assesses absolute thresholds (minimum amount of energy necessary to detect a stimulus); discrimination assesses difference thresholds (minimum difference necessary in energy to discriminate a difference)
100
A timepoint during development where experiential/environmental information is required in order for an organism to ever learn something is called a _______. What is the example Prof. Hansen gave in class?
critical period; cats raised in environment with purely vertical visual stimuli having no neurons that respond to horizontal stimuli
100
When participants listen to a list of words, and then are asked to recall as many as they can, the results often demonstrate a _________.
Serial position curve
100
Attention is an example of a ________ that moves information from sensory memory to _______.
control process; STM/working memory
100
Remembering where you were on 9/11 is an example of a(n) ________ memory, as opposed to remembering that four planes were hijacked on 9/11, which is a(n) _______ memory; both are examples of __________ memory.
episodic (flashbulb); semantic; explicit/declarative
200
What do neurophysiological methods measure? What is an example of a method?
stimulus-physiology relationship (neural response of sensory system to the stimulus)
200
What are the 4 Laws of Perceptual Organization?
similarity, proximity, continuity, closure
200
Explain the Murdock study. What did he find that recall of a list of words to be facilitated by?
Participants were asked to recall as many words as possible after hearing a list of words. Results showed primacy and recency effects.
200
Sperling’s study measured _____ sensory memory through what method? What was the potential confounding variable that Sperling’s initial experiment faced, and how was it addressed in the second experiment?
iconic; participants viewed matrix of letters for 50ms and then recalled as many as possible; second experiment addressed confound of “time to see” vs. “memory capacity” by using tone to indicate which row to recall
200
Automated memories or associations are examples of ________ memory. While remembering the moves to Cotton Eye Joe is a demonstration of ______ memory, now unscrambling ancdre to “d-a-n-c-e-r” rather than “c-r-a-n-e-d” is an example of _______.
implicit; procedural; priming (specifically conceptual priming)
300
The ______ theory of color vision proposed that color is perceived when the outputs of 3 types of photoreceptors are combined; but this theory couldn’t explain _______.
trichromatic; afterimages
300
Explain why Gestalt principles of perception can explain your ability to see 13 faces in the forest scene (the 1st example from class) but the structuralist view cannot.
Structuralist view explains perception as a process where individual elements of a scene are extracted and summed into a “global percept”—it doesn’t allow the perception of more than one “whole” from one scene; Gestalt view argues that the perceptual process is influenced by “laws” that are based on previous experience with stimuli/their probability of co-occurring with another object/in a certain context
300
Patients with _________ are unable to encode new long-term memories. When asked to recall a list of words, do they demonstrate the primacy effect, the recency effect, or both?
Anterograde amnestics show the recency effect: NO primacy effect because the primacy effect is due to words being encoded in LTM. The recency effect is due to words remaining in the STM (which these patients still have).
300
In ______ ______ tasks, where participants hear two different audio streams in each ear, which features of the unattended stream do participants notice?
dichotic listening; participants notice basic, low level features (change in voice or volume) but don’t notice semantic, high level features (change in language, word/semantic content: exception: cocktail party effect)
300
While ______ processing encodes information in the LTM nonconsciously, ________ processing (which might occur through _________ rehearsal or __________ rehearsal) requires the learner to consciously focus on the information.
automatic; effortful; maintenance or elaborative
400
The Organ of Corti, located in the _____, contains two types of _______, which convert air vibrations into neural code.
cochlea; hair cells (cilia)
400
A TSA agent being more likely to stop a man wearing a turban than a man wearing a baseball hat might be an example of perception being affected by _______ (a couple answers are possible here).
perceptual sets; schemas; top-down processing
400
What was the method of the Peterson & Peterson study (the one where participants saw consonants and counted backwards)? The results?
Participants saw 3 consonants, and then were asked to count backwards from a 3-digit number. After a certain amount of time counting (IV) participants were asked to recall the consonants. As time between presentation and recall increased, participants weren’t able to recall letters
400
Information is maintained in the STM or working memory through _________, which fades quickly due to _______. STM has a capacity of about ____ items and duration of about ____ seconds.
maintenance rehearsal; interference; 7+/-2; 30
400
Craik and Tulving showed that a _______ level of processing is better at encoding information to LTM than a ________ level. What was the method of their study?
semantic (deep) vs. structural or phonemic (shallow/intermediate); participants were tested on recall of words they were either asked to identify as in all caps or not (structural), as rhyming with another word or not (phonemic), and as fitting into a sentence (semantic)
500
What is the Place Theory of Pitch Perception?
different pitches are perceived according to which part of the basular membrane reacts to vibrations (determined by different types of hair cells reacting to specific wavelengths)
500
10-hour-old babies showing a reaction of disgust to the smell of rotten eggs demonstrate that perceptual intelligence is influenced by ______; on the other hand, 3-month-old infants being willing to crawl out over a “visual cliff” shows the importance of ______.
physiology (evolution); experiential learning/plasticity
500
Do the combined results of Murdock and Peterson/Peterson show that memory IS or ISN’T a unitary phenomenon? Why?
ISN’T. The dissociation of primacy and recency in different populations show that they are mediated by different processes.
500
How does Alan Baddeley’s explanation of working memory differ from the traditional definition of short-term memory? What components does WM have?
STM is the passive storage of information, limited to 7+/-2 items. WM (visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episode buffer, central executive) combines multiple active and passive components to explain the storage of a greater number of varied types of information.
500
Dual coding theory states that when learning new information, encoding is most enhanced by forming ______ and ______ memory traces; this might be due to more connections being formed in an __________ network of memories.
visual and auditory; associative
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