Lungs
The major muscle of inspiration is
Lung damage in cystic fibrosis is primarily attributed to:
Frequent infections that increase the release of damaging neutrophil mediators
SGLT2 is responsible for most proximal tubule glucose reabsorption; the protein removes ____ % of filtered glucose under healthy conditions.
90%
This gut mediators is most likely to inhibit intestinal motility
Opioid peptides
Which event in acute pancreatitis involves local digestive enzyme activation?
Autodigestion
A normal pleural pressure at the end of normal, quiet inspiration of the tidal volume would be?
−5 to −10 cm H2O
This contributes to greater vulnerability to lung disease in older adults without regard to social history
Accumulation of insults from inhaled air
What plays an important role in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate during acute increases in blood pressure?
Constriction of the afferent arteriole
What is the principal role of the upper gastrointestinal structures (from mouth through stomach)?
Mechanical breakdown and liquifying of meal contents to aid processing
This disease processes is most likely to result in malabsorptive diarrhea?
Celiac disease
This may cause increased compliance and decreased elastic recoil in the lung?
Exposure to oxidative stress
This is most likely to cause a regional ventilation/perfusion mismatch
Pulmonary edema
What tests should be ordered to accurately measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Iothalamate infusion
Which element of lipid digestion and absorption is dependent on normal liver function?
Synthesis and secretion of bile salts to coat fat droplets and micelles
A patient has been diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Which risk factors might be found in the patient’s history?
Gallstones
This disease alters airway resistance more than it alters lung compliance
Asthma
This disease alters airway resistance more than it alters lung compliance
Asthma
Correctly explain the primary mechanism of damage in diabetic nephropathy
The formation of advanced glycation end products damages glomerular structures
Crohn disease is associated with [name at least 2 common pathophysiological reactions]:
Fistula formation, transmural inflammation, granulomas, abscesses, or fissures
A patient has osmotic diarrhea and bloating after eating ice cream. Which of the following is the best explanation for this condition?
Undigested lactose is a food source for gas-producing bacteria in the colon.
What is the most appropriate measurement of the severity of an acute asthma exacerbation?
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
This may be involved in the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Generation of reactive oxygen species
Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is associated with which finding?
Hyperphosphatemia
Which ion is secreted by enterocytes as a mechanism of stimulating water movements into the gut?
Chloride
A patient with weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and anemia is suspected of having celiac disease. Which of the following will initially confirm the suspicion?
Presence of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in blood titers