Vocab
Organisms whose cells contain membrane-bound organelles which include a nucleus
Eukaryotes
Organelle responsible for making cellular energy in the form of ATP, AKA "The Powerhouse of the Cell"
Mitochondria
Molecule that makes up the majority of the plasma membrane
Phospholipids
Transport of small molecules along a concentration gradient without the use of a protein
Passive Transport
Phase of mitosis where chromosomes are lined up down the center of the cell
Metaphase
A cell's entire collection of genetic information
Genome
Chlorophyll packed organelle responsible for turning solar energy and some gases into glucose
Chloroplast
The quality of phospholipids that allow them to self assemble into a "bilayer"
Amphipathic
Name both protein types that can facilitate diffusion
Channel proteins and Carrier proteins
Phase of Interphase in which a copy of the cell's DNA is formed
S Phase
Region of the chromosome to which microtubules attach
Centromere
Describe the major difference in function between the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth - lipid metabolism/detoxification
Rough - Protein synthesis
The two major protein types that exist at/in the plasma membrane
Integral and Peripheral
Phagocytosis or Pinocytosis? A cell folds inward to consume a large solid body of food, nutrients, or resources.
Phagocytosis
Phase of mitosis where two new nuclei begin to form as genetic material has been separated to each side of the cell
Telophase
Uncontrolled or abnormal cell growth
Cancer
List three parts of the endomembrane system
Ex: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicles, Nuclear Lamina, Cell Membrane...
Aside from transport, name two more functions of membrane proteins
Ex: Enzymatic activity, Signal transduction, Cell-cell recognition, Intercellular joining, and Attachment to the extracellular matrix
Bulk transport of many of a specific molecule that requires specific proteins that can recognize that molecule
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Name two developments that occur during prophase
Ex: Chromosomes begin to condense, Nucleoli disappear, Mitotic spindle begins to form, and Centrosomes separate
Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere
Sister Chromatids
Name the three cytoskeletal components, and state which is most important in mitosis
Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules. During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes and pull them to opposite ends of the dividing cell.
Describe how cholesterol can impact fluidity
Increases fluidity when cold or the membrane is entirely made of saturated phospholipid tails
Decreases fluidity when warm or has many unsaturated phospholipid tails
Transport in which active creation of a concentration gradient comes before the passive transport of that molecule down its gradient in another protein and encourages a different molecule to move against its gradient simultaneously.
Cotransport/Coupling
What two major factors help tell a cell it is time to divide? Which is internal and which is external?
Growth factors are external and Checkpoints are internal