DNA Structure and Organization
The most condensed form of DNA
Mitotic Chromosome
Direction of DNA synthesis
5' to 3'
This is the enzyme that transcribes DNA to mRNA and the direction it reads the strand
RNA Polymerase; 3' to 5'
Translation turns this molecule into this molecule utilizing this molecule
mRNA to Protein utilizing a Ribosome
Describes 1. condensed chromatin and 2. loose chromatin
Heterochromatin; Euchromatin
This was the experiment that proved this nature of DNA replication
Meselson-Stahl Experiment; semi-conservative
This is the strand RNA polymerase transcribes, and this is the strand that the mRNA will resemble
Template/Anti-sense; Coding/Sense
Universal start codon and stop codons
AUG; UGA, UAG, UAA
This octamer forms this complex during condensation of loose DNA
Histones; Nucleosomes
Direction and function of exonuclease activity in DNA polymerase III
3' to 5'; Proofreading
Strand, location, and identity of promoter sequences in bacteria
Both on coding strand; -35 TTGACA & -10 TATATT
Fixed starting point that divides a continuous sequence of nucleotides into consecutive, non-overlapping triplets, which will likely produce different amino acids when shifted
Reading frame
This change to a DNA sequence recruits this complex to move DNA about a histone
Covalent modification; Chromatin remodeling complexes
Melts DNA; adds RNA bases to parental DNA; utilizes ATP to attach clamp; keeps the synthesizing protein bound during replication; adds new base-pairs to growing strand; prevents reannealing of exposed single-strands of DNA; adds transient breaks to DNA backbone; joins Okazaki fragments
DNA helicase; Primase; Clamp loader; Sliding clamp; DNA Polymerase III; Single-stranded binding proteins; DNA Topoisomerase; DNA ligase
Transcription factor that enables phosphorylation of RNA polymerase tail to promote splicing factors
TFIIH
All modifications that need to be done to pre-mRNA for it to be able to be translated into a protein (before exiting nucleus and after exiting nucleus)
Before exiting nucleus: addition of guanosine cap, poly-A tail, and removal of introns; After exiting nucleus: addition of initiation factors
These two proteins form the loops for interphase chromosomes; this protein forms loops within loops to form mitotic chromosome
Sequence-specific clamp proteins & cohesin; Condensin
Most common harmful DNA mutations and the three basic steps for DNA repair
Depurination, deamination, thymine-dimers (UV light); excision, resynthesis, ligation
This complex splices introns utilizing this molecule for catalytic activity
Spliceosomes; snRNA
A mutation that does not change the amino acid that the original codon coded for; a mutation that alters the amino acid the original codon coded for; a mutation that causes premature termination of translation; a mutation that alters the reading frame
Silent mutation; Missense mutation; Non-sense mutation; Frameshift mutation