Atoms & Bonds
The smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties
Atom
This macromolecule catalyzes cellular reactions
Enzymes
The cellular currency of energy
ATP
This symbol reveals that a reaction is spontaneous
-ΔG
This part of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
A group consisting of adenine and guanine due to their similar structures
Purines
These kinds of molecules have polar and non-polar constituents
Amphipathic (amphiphilic) molecules
What entropy measures
Disorder of a system
This bond is strong in a vacuum yet comparatively weak inside a cell
Ionic bonds
The bond between nucleic acids
This macromolecule makes up the majority of the dry weight of a cell
Proteins
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed
This is established once the forces of attraction and repulsion between neighboring electron clouds and atomic nuclei of two atoms balance out
Bond length
When fatty acid tails have this feature, they are not able to pack as close and are liquid at room temperature
Double bonds (unsaturation)
This effect is responsible for driving the formation of bilayers such as the one that makes up the membrane of a cell
Hydrophobic effect
Entropy of the universe is always increasing
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
These two interactions are known as "weak bonds"
Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals
If the glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharides points above the plane of the sugars, the bond is referred to as what
Beta linkage
How a cell is able to perform unfavored (non-spontaneous) reactions
Coupling reactions/pathways
When enthalpy is positive and entropy is positive, this condition is when the reaction will be spontaneous
High temperatures