Cardio Anatomy
Which artery follows after the axilary artery.
Brachial artery
What is MAP and what is its equation?
MAP (mean arterial pressure) is the pressure that propels blood into tissues
MAP= diastolic + 1/3pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic)
What would u use for stable angina?
GTN
How much of our thyroid hormone is T3 and T4, respectively?
T3: 10%
T4: 90%
Which anatomical structure marks the end of the subclavian artery
First rib
Describe the difference between escape beats and ectopic beats
Escape: decreased SA node --> shift to latent pacemaker
Ectopic: signal initiated by latent pacemaker before SA node
What drug class is aspirin under? Explain briefly what that means
Antiplatelet, meaning it prevents platelet aggregation, while anticoagulants prevent platelet activation (clotting cascade)
Which is the more active form of thryoid hormone? T3 or T4? Why?
T3 is more active
T4 needs to be turned into T3 by deiodinase enzyme in order to be taken up by the cell
What structure does the femoral artery pass through to become the popliteal artery
Adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus muscle
Explain the difference between conductile cell graph in terms of phases and which channels open
Conductile:
Phase 4: Na+ funnt channels open
Phase 0: Ca2+ L-type channels open (depol)
Phase 3: K+ delayed rectifier channels open (repol)
Name one P2Y12 inhibitor
Clopidrogrel
What are the key transporters involved in thyroid hormone synthesis?
Na/K ATPase pump establishes concentration gradient
Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) transports 1I- with 2Na+
Pendrin transports I- into colloid
MCT (monocarboxylase transporter) transports T3 and T4 back into bloodstream
Between what 2 structures do u palpate for the dorsalis pedis artery
Extensor hallicus longus and Extensor digitorum longus
What are the 3 components of Virchow's Triad?
Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulability
Explain the basic mechanism of statins
Blocks HMG-CO, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol production in the liver. The liver now doesn't have enough cholesterol, so it will increase the LDL receptors on its surface to increase the uptake of LDLs from the bloodstream. As a result LDL in blood will now be low and so will cholestrol
Note: LDL's bind to the cholesterol particles
Hypothalamus--> TRH
TRH binds to receptors on thyrotrope cells of Ant. Pit. which stimulates release of TSH into the circulation
TSH makes its way to thyroid gland, binding to G coupled receptos on follicular cells stimulating the release of T3 and T4
What is the collateral AND terminal branch of the radial artery
Also what is the name for when 2 arteries join together to for duel blood supply?
Collateral = superficial palmar arch
Terminal = deep palmar arch
Anastomosis
Which side of heart failure results in pulmonary congestion vs systemic venous congestion, and why?
Left:
failure of left --> blood backs up into pulmonary veins and lungs --> dyspnoea, orthopnoea, crackles
Right:
failure of right --> blood backs up into systemic veins --> systemic congestion --> peripheral oedema, high JVP, ascites
Name the 4 Vaugh williams drug classes and their basic mechanism of action
Class 1 = Na+ channel blocker
Class 2 = B-blockers
Calss 3 = K+ blockers
Class 4 = Ca2+ blockers
In the pharyngeal apparatus, what are the specific names for the parts derived from endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm?
Endoderm: pouch
Mesoderm: arch
Ectoderm: cleft