SGL Week 4

Circulation

100

CO =?

CO = SV x HR

200

What is the highest pressure blood vessel?

and the lowest pressure blood vessel?

Highest - Left Ventricle

Lowest - Vena Cava at Right Atrium

300

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

1. Atrial Systole

2. Isovolumetric Contraction

3. Ventricular Ejection

4. Isovolumetric Relaxation

5. Ventricular Diastole and Filling

400

What are 4 Starling Forces?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (out)

Capillary oncotic pressure (in)

Interstitial Hydrostatic pressure (in)

Interstitial oncotic pressure (out)

500

What chemical mediators cause vasodilation?

Nitric Oxide

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Lymphatics

100

Name one primary lymphoid organ

Red bone marrow

or 

Thymus Gland

200

Two types of T cells and what MHC complex do they recognise?

CD4+ - MHCII

CD8+ - MHCI

300

Functions of Lymphatic System?

1. Returns leaked fluids

2. Immune surveillance and pathogen removal

3. Transports large molecules

400

Layers of the Lymph Node

Cortex

Paracortex

Medulla

500

3 Abnormalities of Lymph Nodes and what are they?

Lymphoma - uncontrolled B and T cell growth

HIV - decrease in no. and function of T cells

Multiple Sclerosis - High amount of T cells - damage nervous system by forming lesions

Neuromuscular

100

What ion is most responsible for muscle contraction?

Ca2+

200

What are the receptors on NMJ for muscles?

nicotinic receptors

300

Describe the neuron that connects CNS to muscle

Heavily myelinated axon with NO ganglion

400

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

What is used to treat it? (bonus points)

Autoimmune connection where body makes antibodies against acetylcholine receptors in NMJ

Pyridostigmine/ Physostigmine (reversible cholinesterase inhibitor)

500

Explain excitation-contraction coupling in full (bonus points)

Excitation-contraction coupling – in steps
1. Action potential conducted along motor neuron and arrives at nerve terminal
2. Depolarisation of membrane potential opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3. Ca2+ enters nerve terminal and causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with synaptic membrane
4. ACh is released from vesicles and crosses synapse to bind with receptors on the motor end plate
(ACh receptors are chemical-gated ion channels)
5. Binding of ACh changes shape of receptor - opens channel
6. Na+ ions flow through channels into cell causing depolarisation of the motor end plate
7. Depolarisation of motor end plate initiates an action potential in the sarcolemma

8. Action potential transmitted via T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
9. Action potential causes Ca2+ release from SR
10. Ca2+ binds to the troponin complex on thin filaments and changes shape
11. Change in tropomyosin conformation reveals binding sites for myosin
12. Cross bridge cycling occurs - muscle contracts
13. After action potential ends, Ca2+ actively pumped back into SR
14. Tropomyosin block of myosin-actin binding is restored
15. Contraction ends and the muscle relaxes

Ethics

100

What is a conflict of interest (COI)?

a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

200

What are social determinants of health?

factors which are human caused; whether through deliberate choices, policy making, or through the creation
of laws and economic practices

300

3 Domains of Health Ethics

- Clinical Ethics
• Public Health Ethics
• Research ethics

400

What should a researcher communicate to a research participant/ subject?

• The nature and extent of the known risks of participation
• The possibility that there may be unknown risks
• Intended benefits of the study to participants and others

500

What are SDGs? name 3 (bonus points)

 are a United Nations (UN)adopted set of 17 interconnected objectives aimed at ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring peace and prosperity for all by 2030.

1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals 

CORE

100

What is Consequentialism?

the morality of an action is to be
judged solely by its consequences

200

What is deontology?

The study of duty

300

Give an example of a thick and thin ethical term

Thin examples Thick examples
Good Courageous
Right Generous
Obligatory Kind
Permissible Modest
Supererogatory Honest
Bad Cowardly
Wrong Selfish
Impermissible Cruel

400

What is a categorical imperative?

Act only on that maxim [principle] whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law

500

MLK Jnr outlines four important steps for civil disobedience, what are they?

1. Collection of facts to determine whether injustices exist.
2. Negotiation
3. Self-purification
4. Direct action