Cycle Mania
Divide and Conquer
Special Ops: Cells
Power Up!
Mighty Macros
100
Name the THREE main phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
100
Describe what mitosis is.
The process of nuclear division in a cell to produce two identical nuclei.
100
Define the term "cell differentiation".
The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized for specific functions.
100
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate.
100
Give an example of a carbohydrate and its function.
Glucose; provides energy for cellular processes.
100
During which *specific* phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S-phase (synthesis phase) of Interphase
100
Name the four phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
100
Explain the difference between pluripotent, multipotent, and totipotent stem cells.
totipotent - can literally become any type of cell (of that organism); embryonic stem cells
pluripotent - can become most types of cells; any type of adult cell.
multipotent - can become one of various types of cells within a "lineage" - e.g. types of blood cells.
100
Sketch an ATP molecule
100
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
a monosaccharide
100
What happens during G1 and G2 phases of interphase?
In G1, the cell grows and performs normal functions. In G2, the cell prepares for mitosis by producing organelles and molecules needed for cell division.
100
During which phase do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
Metaphase.
100
What is the main difference between a nerve cell and a muscle cell, even though they have the same DNA?
They express different genes, leading to different functions.
100
What happens to ATP when it releases energy?
It loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
100
Which type of macromolecule stores genetic information?
nucleic acid
100
What is the purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
To ensure that the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase, checking for DNA damage, proper cell size, and accurate replication.
100
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.
100
Why is cell differentiation important for multicellular organisms?
It allows cells to perform specialized functions, enabling complex tissues and organs to form.
100
How is ATP regenerated from ADP?
By adding a phosphate group back to ADP using energy from cellular respiration.
100
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis removes water to join monomers, while hydrolysis adds water to break down polymers.
100
What happens if a cell does not pass a checkpoint (if something that is not right is caught by a checkpoint)?
The cell may undergo repair, enter a resting state (G0 phase), or trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death).
100
What structure is responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis?
The spindle fibers
100
How might environmental factors influence cell differentiation?
Factors like temperature, nutrients, and signals from other cells can affect which genes are expressed.
100
What does it mean that ATP is a "high energy molecule"?
The bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable and can break easily.
100
Describe generally how your body can take protein from soybeans and turn it into protein your body uses.
It breaks down the protein into its monomers, amino acids, and then joins those amino acids in a different way to make the protein your body needs.