Skills & Thrills
In thinking about different counseling techniques, what is a content response?
Most used response technique. Expected/predictable response focused on educating and/or sharing information. SLP must be UTD on EBP and be able to separate fact from opinion.
List 2 facts about the behavioral theory of counseling
Chief proponents: Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Behaviorism emerged in the 1950s
Focus is on the observable and quantifiable
Believe that there are "universal, elementary laws of behavior" including: people will do what they are reinforced for doing and the role of the environment is crucial for creating, modifying, and maintaining behaviors.
Based on the principals of reinforcement and punishment
DAILY DOUBLE QUESTION
Define "positive" and "negative" as it relates to modifying behavior.
Positive: you add something
Negative: you remove something
True or false: Each stage of Erikson's Life Cycle Stages represents a psychosocial crisis.
Follow-up: Are those stages clearly delineated?
True
No!
Which child analyst recognized that human development and psychosocial growth continues past adolescence?
Erikson
True or false: ASHA has a position on counseling falling within our scope of practice.
TRUE
This theory is based on the notion that all humans have an innate drive towards self-actualization.
Humanistic
1. Define: secondary reinforcers
2. Give an example
1. Less obvious system of reinforcement than tokens, etc., sometimes used to improve the chances of generalization.
2. nodding, smiling, any other acceptable example.
DAILY DOUBLE QUESTION
List 3 facts about Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Occurs in early childhood, usually between ages 2-4.
A big part of the "Terrible Twos," "No!" phase.
They attempt to exercise control over the world around them. At this stage, parents need to help their child find balance between autonomy and safety/rule-following.
Child needs to develop autonomy with benign conscience, rather than being controlled by shame.
Virtue: Will Maldevelopment: Compulsion
Describe why a client/family may experience vulnerability while working with you.
All humans are vulnerable. Vulnerability can create anxiety/worry.
Having a disabled loved one can remind caregivers that life is fragile and largely out of their control.
The dx/tx process can create new opportunities for clients/family to be vulnerable as they work through complex emotions.
Name four characteristics of effective counselors.
Empathy, Objectivity, Trustworthiness, Competence, Flexibility & Spontaneity, Emotional Stability, Honesty & Openness, Positive Attitude, Motivation, Concentration, Self-Awareness, Dedication, Wisdom,
Communication Skills
Name one shared belief among the four contemporary theories of counseling.
Some behaviors are undesirable, harmful, or inadequate and result in dissatisfaction, limitations, or unhappiness that merit change.
People can change or be changed.
The patient generally believes change can and will take place.
Counselors expect people to change because of their techniques and interventions.
Individuals who seek counseling are asking for help.
Counselors expect patients to be active participants.
Intervention involves encouragement, support, and instruction.
Define the cognitive approach/theory.
Ellis, Beck, Mahoney, Meichenbaum, Wilson & Franks
Thoughts influence behaviors
"People do not just respond to events but to their interpretations and beliefs about events."
Believe that there are countless interpretations of every event.
Further, believe that the way people think about events shapes their self-worth and how they feel about others and their future.
Core beliefs = our lens
Purpose of this approach is to help client recognize/confront problematic thinking and replace with more flexible/adaptive processes.
Cognitive distortions: catastrophizing, "I should" statements, dichotomous thinking, overgeneralizations.
+ useful with clients whose negative thoughts are inhibiting progress
- may focus too much on emotions rather than the root cause. May limit the expression of legitimate feelings.
List 3 facts about Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation
Early adulthood stage. ~ Ages 20-40
Young adult is free and self-governing. Task is to establish their own ties, completely separate from their original family unit. Virtue: Love. Maldevelopment: Distantiation.
Erikson was one of the first child analysts to recognize that the life cycle did not end in adolescence, but rather that we humans continue to grow and evolve over the course of our lives.
The new ties that they are establishing are both personal and occupational. Those personal ties must be carefully balanced, where the adult is able to form a trusting, loving relationship while still maintaining some sense of independence.
It can also swing the opposite direction, where an adult is so afraid of "losing themselves" in a relationship, that they simply choose to avoid those intimate partner relationships altogether.
List two limitations of behaviorism.
Reduces the client/clinician relationship to the clinician being a dispenser of tangible reward
"The mystery and art of client-clinician relationships are not developed."
Underdeveloped carryover into client's natural environment
Modifies superficial behavior, but does not address self-esteem, anxiety, etc.
1. What is "The Art of Gentle Inquiry" ?
2. Write a gentle inquiry you might pose to a client who has been skipping sessions without notifying you.
1. Wachtel (1993, 2007). Ability to ask questions gently- to determine client's experience/motivation without making them feel defensive.
2. "You must have had a good reason for missing our sessions." "You must have had a good reason for not calling." (Or any other acceptable example)
List 3 facts about existentialism.
Chief proponents: Kierkegaard (1800s), Frankl, Fromm, May (1953, 1994)
Existential therapy is centered around each person's unique experience of living and therapists are mostly interested in how people deal with the tragedies of life.
Involves: existential uncertainty, meaninglessness, isolation, and nonbeing.
Make therapeutic statements acknowledging existential concerns rather than denying them.
Helpful when working with seriously ill/profoundly impaired.
Surrounds topics that may be uncomfortable for new/inexperienced clinicians.
2. Provide an example
1. Client's views and experiences fall to one extreme or the other. A binary thought process.
2. "I can't do anything right." "That clinician is the worst." (or any other appropriate example)
List 3 facts about Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority
School Age Stage. Ages 5-12 years.
Child learns the "technical fundamentals" of their society. They acquire the tools needed to be a successful adult. When we think about what can go wrong in this stage, it's generally that a child does not develop a sense of adequacy. This can be due to parents not properly preparing a child for school. It can also be due to a school that fails to capitalize on the child's emerging skills. Essentially, issues in this stage lead to a child feeling inadequate and becoming passive.
Virtue: Competence Maldevelopment: Inertia (passivity)
List 4 of the 6 common emotions of counseling.
grief, guilt, anger, inadequacy, vulnerability, confusion
Write two example questions of professional credibility that a client may pose to an SLP.
Any appropriate examples accepted.
What are Roger's Three Preconditions For Change?
1. Unconditional regard
2. Empathetic listening
3. Counselor congruence
Define Ego Integrity
Part of Erikson's stage 8: Ego integrity vs Despair
Person has successfully passed through stages 1-7
Now in the age of wisdom and detachment. Can "see the forest through the trees" when looking back at their life/accomplishments. They understand humanity and face death calmly.
List 3 facts about Stage 7: Generativity vs Stagnation
Adulthood- ages 40-65
The need to ensure existence of the species, either by literally becoming a parent or by sharing knowledge/skills with those younger than you. Engagement with the next generation through parenting, coaching, or teaching.
Generativity enriches both the individual person and society as a whole. Failure to be productive, to enrich the lives of others leads to the individual stagnating.
Virtue: Care Maldevelopment: Rejectivity
Describe Stage 2 of the coping process: Resistance
Closely related and intertwined with denial. Both forestall the grieving process.
Parent/caregiver acknowledges that there is a problem, but believes with enough hard work, they can defeat it.
There can be a pledge to work hard, but a resistance to help from agencies/therapists.
At this stage, families are unwilling to join support groups.
"Closet disability" that they believe they will prevail over.
Often need to hit an emotional bottom to move on.
Family needs to gain confidence in their ability to cope and learn to behave proactively.