Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function
What is the name of the joint that connects the mandible to the skull?
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The phonemes /p/, /d/, /k/ are examples of what manner of consonant production?
Stop consonants
The central nervous system is made up of which two anatomical structures?
Brain and spinal cord
The progressive wave of contraction and relaxation in the esophagus used to transport the bolus to the stomach is called ___________.
Peristalsis
What position is the velum in during the production of the phonemes /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/?
The velum is lowered
What are the three bony shelves located inside the nasal cavity?
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
Which facial muscle presses the cheek inward toward the teeth, helping to keep food inside the oral cavity while chewing?
Buccinator m.
Where are all cranial nerve nuclei (except CN XI) located?
Brainstem
Name the four phases of a normal swallow.
Oral preparatory, oral transport, pharyngeal transport, esophageal transport
What is the name of the largest hole in the base of the skull?
Foramen magnum
Which bone of the skull is shaped like a butterfly, forms part of the base/sides of the skull and floors of the eye sockets, and is the attachment site for many muscles of mastication?
Sphenoid bone
What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?
Depresses the tongue
What are the three functional classifications for cranial nerves?
General/special, visceral/somatic, afferent/efferent
When does swallowing occur during the breathing cycle?
During expiration
Which facial muscle helps you smile?
Risorius m.
What is the function of the tensor veli palatini/palatal tensor muscle?
Dilates Eustachian tube
Which three cranial nerves are involved in sensory innervation for the tongue and what are each of their functions?
CN V, VII, IX
CN V: touch for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN VII: taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN IX: touch and taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Describe the sensory innervation of CN X (vagus nerve).
Provides general sensation for the pharynx, larynx, thorax, abdomen, external auditory meatus, and part of external ear; taste for the posterior pharynx and epiglottis
What is the difference between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in terms of their target organs?
SNS: innervates skeletal muscles
ANS: innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Name the three types of lingual papillae that contain taste buds.
Vallate papillae, foliate papillae, fungiform papillae
Name the three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and the function that they all share.
Salpingopharyngeus m., stylopharyngeus m., palatopharyngeus m.
All three muscles elevate the pharynx/pharyngeal walls (stylopharyngeus m. and palatopharyngeus m. also elevate the larynx)
Explain the difference between bilateral and unilateral action of the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid m.
Bilateral contraction of both heads: protraction of the TMJ and mandible
Unilateral contraction of both heads: deviation of the mandible to the opposite side
Describe the difference in CN VII (facial nerve) motor innervation to the upper 1/3 of the face versus the lower 2/3 of the face.
Upper 1/3 of the face receives bilateral upper motor neuron (UMN) input, and lower 2/3 of the face receives unilateral/contralateral UMN input.
Explain the role of the medulla in neural control of the swallow.
Triggers the swallow, shapes its temporal patterns, and controls/modulates involuntary aspects of the swallow
What is the medical term for brain freeze?
Sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia