neuroanatomy
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
How is respiration connected to speech?
Respiration is the energy source for our speech.
How do the vocal folds vibrate?
through exhaled air
What vowel creates an almost perfect tube in our vocal tract?
Schwa, the only neutral vowel
What is the source of our speech and what is the filter?
Source: VFs
Filter: VT
Which neurons carry messages from the outer world to the brain?
Afferent neurons (sensory)
What structure lays between the lungs and the larynx?
the trachea
What 2 things happen when we increase subglottal pressure?
We increase Fo and intensity
How is F2 determined?
Size of the oral cavity
our vocal folds (source)
The brain communicates the breathing, phonation and articulation necessary for speech production mainly through which nerves?
Efferent nerves (motor)
What is Boyle's law?
as volume increases, pressure decreases (or vice versa)
How does the anatomy of the vocal folds help determine the fundamental frequency?
the more massive the VFs the lower the Fo
A narrowing of the pharyngeal cavity results in what?
a higher frequency (higher F2 frequency)
Our vocal tract creates what?
Resonances
Daily double: formants
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
What structures allow the lungs to expand and contract?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
open, close, and tense vocal folds.
How are consonants classified?
place, manner, and voicing
Why can we still determine what speech sound a child is saying vs a large adult even when the fundamental frequencies, harmonics, and formants are vastly different?
The ratios between the formants are the same
What specific area of the brain is in charge of speech production?
Broca's area
Daily Double: Frontal left lobe
What part of the brain signals respiration?
The medulla oblongata
What is fundamental frequency? ie how is it determined?
the number of times the VFs are blown apart and come back together
How do consonants differ from vowels in articulation?
Vowels are a relatively open flow of air whereas consonants are constricted
When we whisper, what two things are missing in our speech?
Fundamental frequency and harmonics