Interphase & Cell Geography
This non-dividing phase makes up the vast majority of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and copies its contents
What is Interphase?
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach maximum condensation and line up along the cell’s midplane
What is Metaphase?
Unwound DNA wrapped around histone proteins is known as this term before it condenses
What is chromatin?
Uncontrolled cell division resulting from broken or non-functional regulatory proteins can lead to the formation of these
What are tumors?
True or False: The total number of chromatids in a cell doubles during the S phase of interphase
What is True?
During this specific sub-phase of interphase, the cell replicates its genetic material (DNA)
What is S phase (Synthesis phase)?
During this phase, centromeres divide and spindle fibers shorten to pull sister chromatids away to opposite poles
What is Anaphase?
Identical double-stranded DNA copies of a chromosome produced post-replication that remain joined at the centromere
What are sister chromatids?
The primary condition evaluated at the Metaphase checkpoint before a cell proceeds to anaphase
What is verifying that all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle microtubules?
If a mammal's somatic cell has 8 chromosomes during G1, this is the exact number of chromosomes present in the cell at the end of G2
What is 8 chromosomes? (Attached sister chromatids still count as 1 chromosome)
A cell enters this phase if it becomes arrested due to abnormalities or enters a prolonged period of rest
What is the G0 phase?
These two key structural events mark the pro-metaphase transition right after prophase
What are the breakdown/disappearance of the nuclear envelope and spindle microtubules attaching to kinetochores?
These specific protein structures located at the centromeric region serve as the attachment sites for spindle microtubules
What are kinetochores?
The two main questions a cell must satisfy to pass the G2 checkpoint before entering mitosis
What are "Was DNA replicated correctly?" and "Is the cell large enough?"
The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell is formally referred to by this term
What is ploidy?
Organelles are replicated and mRNA/proteins are actively produced during this initial growth sub-phase
What is the G1 phase?
Nuclear membranes reform around each set of separated chromosomes and chromosomes begin to uncoil during this final mitotic stage
What is Telophase?
The mitotic spindle apparatus is composed of these cytoskeletal elements, which originate from centrosomes
What are microtubules?
Two of the four environmental and internal criteria evaluated at the G1 checkpoint
What are: Is cell division necessary? Are growth factors present? Is the cell large enough? Are sufficient nutrients available? (Any two)
A single chromosome possesses 1 chromatid during this phase, but possesses 2 chromatids post-S phase
What is the G1 phase?
Mitosis yields two of these body cells, which are genetically identical to the parent cell and to each other
What are somatic cells?
This process follows nuclear division (mitosis) to physically divide the cytoplasm and form two distinct diploid daughter cells
What is Cytokinesis?
Centrosomes act as microtubule-organizing centers and contain a pair of these barrel-shaped structures made of tubulin proteins
What are centrioles?
This fundamental biological doctrine states that all cells arise strictly from pre-existing cells through cell division
What is Cell Theory?
Unlike mitosis, this alternative form of cell division produces gametes with half the hereditary material, yielding genetically different cells
What is Meiosis?