Unit 1
32 ATP
What is the name for a noncoding sequence of DNA that is removed during splicing?
intron
What is the term for the subset of the genome that is expressed as RNA in a particular cell at a particular time?
Transcriptome
Darwin proposed that slight variations among individuals affect their chances of survival and having offspring. What is this principle called?
Natural selection
How do you calculate the allele frequency, p, from the genotypes of the population?
p = (2NAA + NAa)/2N
What is attached to the 5' end of deoxyribose in DNA? What is attached to the 3' end?
5' - phosphate.
3' - OH
One loci is at 6.1, and another is at 75.5. What is the recombination frequency for these two genes?
0.5
What is a core genome?
Core genome is the subset of genes in a species that are present in *all* strains.
How is artificial selection different from natural selection?
Artificial selection is driven by humans regardless of whether or not the trait positively benefits to the species' survival.
What are deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? Which are short term and which are long term?
Short term: Nonrandom mating & gene flow
Long-term: Mutation, Genetic drift, & natural selection
What is the net overall reaction for cellular metabolism?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6 H2O + 6CO2 + energy
Operons are regulatory units present in many prokaryotes. What point in genetic expression are they present, and what kind of feedback are they often regulated by?
They are present in genes, and are usually negatively regulated.
In gel electrophoresis, why are the ending locations of each fragment important? What does it tell us?
it tells us the size of the fragment. Shorter fragments go along the gel further than longer fragments.
In dispersive selection, what happens to the middle phenotype? How does variation among the population change?
The middle phenotype decreases in proportion as it is less fit than the extremes. Variation increases.
If a genotype AA is 45% of the population, Aa is 20%, and aa is 35%, what are the values of p and q?
p = 0.55
q = 0.45
In a plant cell, where would you find the ATP synthase complexes?
Thylakoid membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
(see picture from powerpoint)
Which of the regions in the picture will translated to become the final protein?
3, 4, 6, 8
What are all the components necessary for Sanger Sequencing, and what is the function of each?
DNA Polymerase - to assemble new DNA strands
Primer - to allow DNA Polymerase to begin
dNTPs - to be attached to the new strand
labelled ddNTPs- to stop the sequence in that spot, labelled to be identified
How is a gene pool different from a genome?
A gene pool is all the alleles present in a population, a genome is all the genes present throughout an entire species.
1) How does genetic drift affect allele frequency?
2) How does population size affect the strength of genetic drift?
3) What is it called when the population is temporarily reduced, and how does it affect genetic variation?
1) It can cause certain alleles to become either fixed or lost.
2) Inversely - Small populations have big effects
3) Bottleneck. This reduces genetic variation
There is a hole in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows for free passage of substances. How much ATP, and how many electron carriers would be expected to be made per glucose molecule in this cell
4 ATP per glucose, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
From the following nontemplate strand, list the amino acid sequence:
5' ATG CTT ACC TGT AGG TAA CAC GTA 3'
Met Leu Thr Cys Arg
Transposable elements are genomic parasites that jump around to different portions. Name at least one type of transposable element and how it functions.
Cut-and-paste: Starts in one position, ends in another and does NOT leave a copy in the original position
Copy-and-paste: Starts in one position, makes a copy of itself and places the copy in a new location. At the end there are two copies of the original element.
What are Coyne's Six Components from Why Evolution is True?
Evolution, Gradualism, Speciation, Common Ancestry, Natural Selection, Nonselective Mechanisms
Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). If 30% of all butterflies are white. Assuming the population is at H-W equilibrium, calculate the following:
A. The frequency of the recessive allele (q).
B. The frequency of the dominant allele (p).
C. The percentage of individuals that are homozygous dominant (p2 ):
D. The percentage of heterozygous individuals (2pq)
a- q = 0.547
b- p = 0.453
c- 20%
d- 50%