Unit 1
Unit 2
Genomics
Evolution
HW & More Evolution
100
How much ATP is generated throughout aerobic respiration?

32 ATP

100

What is the name for a noncoding sequence of DNA that is removed during splicing?

intron

100

What is the term for the subset of the genome that is expressed as RNA in a particular cell at a particular time?

Transcriptome

100

Darwin proposed that slight variations among individuals affect their chances of survival and having offspring. What is this principle called?

Natural selection

100

How do you calculate the allele frequency, p, from the genotypes of the population?

p = (2NAA + NAa)/2N

200

What is attached to the 5' end of deoxyribose in DNA? What is attached to the 3' end?

5' - phosphate.

3' - OH

200

One loci is at 6.1, and another is at 75.5. What is the recombination frequency for these two genes?

0.5

200

What is a core genome?

Core genome is the subset of genes in a species that are present in *all* strains.

200

How is artificial selection different from natural selection?

Artificial selection is driven by humans regardless of whether or not the trait positively benefits to the species' survival.

200

What are deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? Which are short term and which are long term?

Short term: Nonrandom mating & gene flow

Long-term: Mutation, Genetic drift, & natural selection

300

What is the net overall reaction for cellular metabolism?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6 H2O + 6CO2 + energy

300

Operons are regulatory units present in many prokaryotes. What point in genetic expression are they present, and what kind of feedback are they often regulated by?

They are present in genes, and are usually negatively regulated.

300

In gel electrophoresis, why are the ending locations of each fragment important? What does it tell us?

it tells us the size of the fragment. Shorter fragments go along the gel further than longer fragments.

300

In dispersive selection, what happens to the middle phenotype? How does variation among the population change?

The middle phenotype decreases in proportion as it is less fit than the extremes. Variation increases.

300

If a genotype AA is 45% of the population, Aa is 20%, and aa is 35%, what are the values of p and q?

p = 0.55

q = 0.45

400

In a plant cell, where would you find the ATP synthase complexes?

Thylakoid membrane

Inner mitochondrial membrane

400

(see picture from powerpoint)

Which of the regions in the picture will translated to become the final protein?

3, 4, 6, 8

400

What are all the components necessary for Sanger Sequencing, and what is the function of each?

Template DNA - to serve as the template to be copied

DNA Polymerase - to assemble new DNA strands

Primer - to allow DNA Polymerase to begin

dNTPs - to be attached to the new strand

labelled ddNTPs- to stop the sequence in that spot, labelled to be identified

400

How is a gene pool different from a genome?

A gene pool is all the alleles present in a population, a genome is all the genes present throughout an entire species.

400

1) How does genetic drift affect allele frequency?

2) How does population size affect the strength of genetic drift?

3) What is it called when the population is temporarily reduced, and how does it affect genetic variation?

1) It can cause certain alleles to become either fixed or lost.

2) Inversely - Small populations have big effects

3) Bottleneck. This reduces genetic variation

500

There is a hole in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows for free passage of substances. How much ATP, and how many electron carriers would be expected to be made per glucose molecule in this cell

4 ATP per glucose, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

500

From the following nontemplate strand, list the amino acid sequence:

5' ATG CTT ACC TGT AGG TAA CAC GTA 3'

Met Leu Thr Cys Arg

500

Transposable elements are genomic parasites that jump around to different portions. Name at least one type of transposable element and how it functions.

Cut-and-paste: Starts in one position, ends in another and does NOT leave a copy in the original position

Copy-and-paste: Starts in one position, makes a copy of itself and places the copy in a new location. At the end there are two copies of the original element.

500

What are Coyne's Six Components from Why Evolution is True?

Evolution, Gradualism, Speciation, Common Ancestry, Natural Selection, Nonselective Mechanisms

500

Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). If 30% of all butterflies are white. Assuming the population is at H-W equilibrium, calculate the following: 


A. The frequency of the recessive allele (q).
B. The frequency of the dominant allele (p).
C.  The percentage of individuals that are homozygous dominant (p2 ):
D. The percentage  of heterozygous individuals (2pq)

a- q = 0.547

b- p = 0.453

c- 20%

d- 50%

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