Cell Bio
Who are the two people given the most credit for the endosymbiotic hypthesis?
Margulis and Mereschkowski
What do more C-H bonds mean? What do less C-H bonds mean?
More C-H bonds: more reduced, more energy
Less C-H bonds: more oxidized, less energy
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Mitochondria
Where does the electron transport cycle occur?
Cristae of the Mitochondria
What would show up as 2 dark lines under an electron microscope?
The plasma membrane
How many ATP is NADH worth? How many ATP is FADH2 worth?
NADH: 3 ATP
FADH2: 2 ATP
What happens to carbon during glycolysis?
Carbon is partially oxidized
How many steps is the citric acid cycle? What is needed to allow this?
8 steps; enzymes
Why is H+ concentration important in this process?
It provides energy for ATP synthase
Where can ribosomes be found in the cell?
Cytoplasm, ER, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus
What is the equation of photosynthesis? What is the equation of cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Are all of the reactants of respiration used in glycolysis?
No. Glucose is used, but oxygen is not. Oxygen is only used in the electron transport chain?
How is pyruvate used in the citric acid cycle.
It is transformed into Acetyl CoA. This is the initial substrate.
How is carbon used during the electron transport chain?
It is not needed for this. Oxygen is only used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
What are the plastids and the pigments/contents associated with them?
Chloroplast: chlorophyll
Chromoplast: carotenoid
Amyloplast: starch
What are the three things that both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on?
enzymes, pathways linked on membranes, energy carriers
Can lactose be used as the initial substrate of glycolysis?
No. Glucose is the initial substrate. If lactose is broken down into glucose, it can then be used.
How many total ATP could potentially be produced from the citric acid cycle? How can this number be reached?
18 ATP because 2 ATP, 4 NADH, and 2 FADH2 are produced.
What are the initial reactants of the electron transport chain? What are the final products?
Initial reactants: NADH and FADH2
Final products: NAD, FAD, H2O, ATP
What can be found in the organelle surrounded by a tonoplast? What is its purpose?
Secondary metabolites, organic molecules, inorganic ions, and anthocyanin are found here in the vacuole. The purpose is to provide a place for storage and pressure for growth and support.
What will cellular respiration do to carbon? What will photosynthesis do to carbon
Cellular respiration will oxidize carbon and make energy-poor bonds. Photosynthesis will reduce carbon and make energy-rich bonds.
What are the final products? What happens to them after?
The final products are pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. ATP is used as energy and NADH and pyruvate are used in the citric acid cycle.
What happens to carbon during the citric acid cycle? What does this mean?
Carbon is completely oxidized. This means the energy is poorer.
How is oxygen used during the electron transport chain?
It acts as an H+ and electron acceptor. This allows water to be produced.