Chromosomes & Mitosis/Meiosis
What phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
What does it mean if a trait is dominant?
Only one allele is needed to show the trait
What type of inheritance has more than two alleles in the population?
Multiple alleles
What base is only in RNA, not DNA?
Uracil
What is the genotype of a male human?
XY
How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?
46
What are the possible genotypes of an individual showing a dominant trait?
Homozygous dominant or heterozygous (AA or Aa)
In incomplete dominance, what does a heterozygote look like?
A blend of both traits
What is the function of tRNA?
Brings amino acids to the ribosome
What term describes a cell with 3 copies of a chromosome?
Trisomy
What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
Haploid gametes
In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes, what’s the expected ratio?
3:1
What is codominance?
Both alleles show up fully in the phenotype
What bonds connect bases in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
What does a pedigree help you determine?
Inheritance pattern of a trait
In what phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase I
What’s the purpose of a test cross?
To find out if an organism is homozygous or heterozygous
What kind of trait is affected by many genes?
Polygenic trait
What enzyme adds new DNA during replication?
DNA polymerase
What is the function of ribosomes?
To build proteins from mRNA instructions
What would happen if a cell skipped S phase before mitosis?
It wouldn't duplicate DNA, so daughter cells would have half the DNA
If a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) is crossed with a short plant (tt), what’s the chance of a short offspring?
50%
How does epistasis affect Mendel’s ratios?
It alters expected ratios because one gene hides another’s effect
What does it mean if a mutation is silent?
The amino acid doesn’t change, even though the DNA did
What is the difference between autosomal dominant and X-linked dominant traits?
X-linked affects sexes differently; autosomal affects both equally