Specialized Structures
What is the region of prokaryotic cells that contain chromosomes?
nuceloid
What are the 6 macronutrients?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
What is the type of media called that exploits differences between two species that grow equally well?
differential media
What would an organism be classified as if its optimal growth is between 65-121 degrees?
hyperthermophiles
Which type of electron microscopy allows you to visualize objects in 3D?
scanning electron
Parallel planes of cocci are called?
streptococci
What type of organisms use energy from the oxidation of minerals?
lithotrophs
What is the type of media to which specific blood components are added?
enriched media
Most human pathogens are classified as what in regard to pH?
neutralophiles
Refers to objects that can be changed with minimal or no refocusing?
parfocal
What is the flagellar arrangement called when cells have several flagella at one or both ends?
lophotrichous
Facilitated diffusion helps solutes move across a membrane from a region of ___ concentration to one of ____ concentration.
high; lower
What percentage of microorganisms can actually be cultured?
0.1%
What are the "normal" growth conditions?
(HINT: 5 things)
- sea level
- 20-40 degrees Celsius
- neutral pH (around 7)
- 0.9% salt
- ample nutrients
What are the two challenges early taxonomists faced as they attempted to classify microorganisms?
1) resolution of microscopes was too low
2) microbial species are hard to define
Which structure is used in twitching motility?
pilus
What are the two types of coupled transport systems?
symport- two molecules moving in the same direction
antiport- molecules move in direction opposite to the driving ion
What is the counting method called in which tenfold serial dilutions are performed on a liquid culture, with each dilution being plated?
pour plate mthod
What is an organism called if they require high pressures to grow but die at higher pressures?
barophile
Bacteria cells have ___ links, while archaea cells have ___ links.
ester ; ether
What is the movement of bacteria in response to chemical gradients called?
chemotaxis
What is the exponential growth formula and what do all of the variables stand for?
Formula= Nt = No x 2n
Nt= final cell number
No= original cell number
n= number of generations
What are the 2 reasons why it is important to know the number of organisms in a sample?
1) determine infectious dose
2) actual infection vs. contamination of species
Alkaliphiles are typically found where and are what color?
Soda lakes ; pink
What is unique about mycobacterium tuberculosis that makes it very hard to stain?
presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall