Antibiotics
Name at least 2/3 antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin
What term is used to describe how easily an organism causes disease?
infectivity
(virulence= how severe)
(pathogenicity= organsims ability to cause disease)
What term refers to the limits of how well we can see with a microscope?
resolution
Which method is the best technique for counting only viable cells?
pour plate method
Negative supercoiling is introdced by which enzyme?
gyrase
How do quinolones work?
block bacterial DNA gyrase, thus preventing DNA replication
Which type of adhesion is involved in twitching motility?
type IV
What is the visible light range wavelength?
400-750 nm
The greatest amount of NADH is produced during which stage of glucose catabolism?
TCA cycle
What enzyme is resposnible for filling gaps after RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments?
DNA pol I
What are the 2 reasons why fungal infections are harder to treat than bacterial infections?
1. they are eukaryotes, so selective toxicity issues arise
2. they have efficient drug detoxification systems
Pneumocytstis pneumonia causes life-threatening conditions in what 2 types of patients?
AIDS, immunocompromised
Mycobacterium tuverculosis is very hard to stain due to the presence of ____? Instead of a regular stain, what kind of stain must you use to view it?
mycolic acids ; acid fast stain (requires heat)
Left on their own, heterotrophs would deplet ethe world of ____?
organic carbon
The genetic code is redunant meaning?
more than one codon can specify the same amino acid
What are the 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
1. prevent entry
2. prevent binding to target
3. reverse binding
What makes pathogenicity islands different from normal gene clusters?
1. have GC content different from the rest of the genome
2. flanked by phage or plasmid genes
3. linked to tRNA gene
What are the differences between bacteria and archaea cell membrane?
-presence or absence of peptidoglycan
-ether or ester linked lipids
When the population doubles during each given unit of time, what phase of growth is the organism in?
exponential
it is where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
Aminoglycerides and Tetracyclines work by inhibiting protein synthesis. What specific part of the ribosome do they target?
30S subunit
Which type of bacterial toxin is found in the LPS and hyperactivates host immune systems to harmful levels?
endotoxins
When coming up with his postulates, what 3 things did Koch fail to consider?
1. immune system
2. viruses
3. uncultrable bacteria
A bacteria that thrives in your stomach is most likely a ___?
acidophile
The typical bacterial ribosome is composed of which subunits?
30S + 50S = 70S