Macromolecules
Explain why some may think lipids may not be considered a polymer like the other macromolecules?
Because they are not made up of repeating identical monomer units rather they are composed different molecules (glycerol and fatty acids).
What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates? What is the difference between them?
-Monosaccharide (simplest sugar)
-Disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together)
-Polysaccharide (long chains of monosaccharides)
What are the four components of an amino acid structure?
- Amino group
- Hydrogen
- R group
-Carboxyl group
What are the two types of fatty acids?
- Saturated Fatty Acids
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Define a solute, solvent, and solution.
Solute= Substance being dissolved
Solvent= Liquid which dissolved a solute
Solution= Mixture of a solute and solvent
What functional groups are found in this sugar?
-Carbonyl
-Hydroxyl
What is the most abundant and diverse macromolecule?
Proteins
What are characteristic(s) of steroids?
- carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
-one,-ol
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? What is a similarity?
- Dehydration Synthesis= To put together by losing water
-Hydrolysis= Addition of water break
-Similarity= Both reactions can be catalyzed by a specific enzyme
What is the difference between an aldose and ketose?
Aldoses=Carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain.
Ketose=Carbonyl group is in the middle of the carbon chain.
What are the three requirements that an enantiomer?
-Must have a chiral carbon
-Non superimposable/mirror images
-Share chemical structure/bonds
What is the difference between cis configuration and trans configuration?
- Cis=Hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon chain
- Trans= Hydrogens are on the opposite side of the chain
What is the difference between applied and basic science?
-Applied Science= Science applied to real world problems
-Basic/Pure Science= Science done to simply gain knowledge, regardless of application
What kind of linkage is shown?
1,4 alpha glycosidic linkage
What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What chemical interactions are seen?
It is the overall unique 3D shape of a polypeptide. It is determined by a variety of chemical interactions like ionic bonding, disulfide linkages, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding.
Name some functions of lipids!
- long term energy storage
- insulation from environment for both plants and animals
- building blocks for some hormones
- important component of cellular membranes
Link each macromolecule with its monomer and type of bond.
Carbs=> Monosaccharide (glycosidic bonds)
Proteins=> Amino acids (peptide bonds)
Nucleic Acid=> Nucleotides (phosphodiester bonds)
Lipid=> Fatty Acids and Glycerol (Ester bonds)
Why can humans not digest cellulose?
The bonds that make up cellulose are beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages. Human digestive enzymes can not break down this type of bond.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder that causes red blood cells to become abnormally shaped and rigid. What amino acid substitution occurs?
Glutamic Acid to Valine
What is the difference between good fats and bad fats? What kind of lipoprotein does each increase?
- Good fats are unsaturated fats, they are liquid at room temperature and they increase HDL.
- Bad fats are saturated fats, they are solid at room temp, and they increase LDL.