Prokaryotic Cells
How do prokaryotic cells typically reproduce?
They reproduce through asexual reproduction, primarily binary fission.
How does the structure of lipids relate to its different functions in living organisms? Give me an example?
Lipids are composed of long hydrocarbon chains which are non polar, making them hydrophobic. This allows lipids to serve as energy storage or protective barriers (phospholipid bilayer).
What is the name of the region within a cell that lies between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope?
Cytoplasm
What amino acid substitution results in sickle cell anemia?
Glutamic acid to Valine
DNA in prokaryotes are single stranded. (True or False)
False, DNA is still double stranded its just in a large loop.
What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
-Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar (1)
-Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (glycosidic bond)
- Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds (storage and structural).
Which cellular structure is responsible for carrying out protein synthesis and is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
Differentiate the following between RNA and DNA.
-Function
-Bases
-Sugar
-Structure
- RNA is involved in protein synthesis, is single stranded, and has a ribose sugar. The bases found in RNA are cytosine, uracil, adenine, and guanine.
- DNA carries and stores genetic info, is a double helix structure, and has a deoxyribose sugar. The bases found here are the same as RNA except it has thymine instead or uracil.
What are three key characteristics of prokaryotes that differentiate it from eukaryotic cells?
-Prokaryotes are unicellular (single celled organisms)
-Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-In prokaryotes the DNA is circular
Out of the 20 standard amino acids, how many are considered essential for the human body, and why must they be obtained through the diet?
9 of the 20 amino acids are considered essential because our body does not produce it.
What structure in a eukaryotic cell is defined as the "shipping section". It is responsible for the sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
What are the two pyrimidine bases found in nucleic acids? What about purines?
Pyrimidines include cytosine, uracil, and thymine. Purines include adenine and guanine
What are three unique features of plant cells?
-chloroplasts
-central vacuole
-cell wall
What protein structure is defined as the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of 2 or more polypeptides?
Quaternary Structure
What evidence supports the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria
-contain their own DNA, ribosomes, produce their own proteins
-have a double membrane
Sketch a nucleotide.
See slides.
Prokaryotic cells have large numbers and low diversity. (True or False)
True
In a nucleic acid strand, which end, 5' or 3', serves as the starting point for building (adding new nucleotides) during synthesis?
Nucleotides add to the 3' end so the synthesis proceeds from 5' to 3'.
What are some things that all life shares?
-genetic material
-ribosomes
-same molecular building (monomers to macromolecules)
-same process for gene expression
what does the theory of endosymbiosis state?
Some organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) were once free living prokaryotic cells until they were taken in by another cell. Instead of being digested, they formed a symbiotic relationship.